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threads(7)
Standards, Environments, Macros, Character Sets, and miscellany
threads(7)
NAME
threads, pthreads - POSIX pthreads and Solaris threads concepts
SYNOPSIS
POSIX
#include <pthread.h>
Solaris
#include <sched.h>
#include <thread.h>
DESCRIPTION
POSIX and Solaris threads each have their own implementation within
libc(3LIB). Both implementations are interoperable, their functionality
similar, and can be used within the same application. Only POSIX
threads are guaranteed to be fully portable to other POSIX-compliant
environments. POSIX and Solaris threads require different source code
and include files. See SYNOPSIS.
Similarities
Most of the POSIX and Solaris threading functions have counterparts
with each other. POSIX function names, with the exception of the sema‐
phore names, have a "pthread" prefix. Function names for similar POSIX
and Solaris functions have similar endings. Typically, similar POSIX
and Solaris functions have the same number and use of arguments.
Differences
POSIX pthreads and Solaris threads differ in the following ways:
o POSIX threads are more portable.
o POSIX threads establish characteristics for each thread
according to configurable attribute objects.
o POSIX pthreads implement thread cancellation.
o POSIX pthreads enforce scheduling algorithms.
o POSIX pthreads allow for clean-up handlers for fork(2)
calls.
o Solaris threads can be suspended and continued.
o Solaris threads implement daemon threads, for whose demise
the process does not wait.
FUNCTION COMPARISON
The following table compares the POSIX pthreads and Solaris threads
functions. When a comparable interface is not available either in POSIX
pthreads or Solaris threads, a hyphen (-) appears in the column.
Functions Related to Creation
tab(); cw(2.75i) cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) POSIXSolaris
pthread_create()thr_create() pthread_attr_init()- pthread_attr_setde‐
tachstate()- pthread_attr_getdetachstate()- pthread_attr_setinher‐
itsched()- pthread_attr_getinheritsched()- pthread_attr_setsched‐
param()- pthread_attr_getschedparam()- pthread_attr_setschedpolicy()-
pthread_attr_getschedpolicy()- pthread_attr_setscope()-
pthread_attr_getscope()- pthread_attr_setstackaddr()- pthread_attr_get‐
stackaddr()- pthread_attr_setstacksize()- pthread_attr_getstacksize()-
pthread_attr_getguardsize()- pthread_attr_setguardsize()-
pthread_attr_destroy()- -pthread_getattr_np() -thr_min_stack()
Functions Related to Exit
tab(); cw(2.75i) cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) POSIXSolaris
pthread_exit()thr_exit() pthread_join()thr_join() pthread_detach()-
Functions Related to Thread Specific Data
tab(); cw(2.75i) cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) POSIXSolaris
pthread_key_create()thr_keycreate() pthread_setspecific()thr_setspe‐
cific() pthread_getspecific()thr_getspecific() pthread_key_delete()-
Functions Related to Signals
tab(); cw(2.75i) cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) POSIXSolaris
pthread_sigmask()thr_sigsetmask() pthread_kill()thr_kill()
Functions Related to IDs
tab(); cw(2.75i) cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) POSIXSolaris
pthread_self()thr_self() pthread_equal()- -thr_main()
Functions Related to Scheduling
tab(); cw(2.75i) cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) POSIXSolaris
-thr_yield() -thr_suspend() -thr_continue() pthread_setconcur‐
rency()thr_setconcurrency() pthread_getconcurrency()thr_getconcur‐
rency() pthread_setschedparam()thr_setprio() pthread_setsched‐
prio()thr_setprio() pthread_getschedparam()thr_getprio()
Functions Related to Cancellation
tab(); cw(2.75i) cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) POSIXSolaris
pthread_cancel()- pthread_setcancelstate()- pthread_setcanceltype()-
pthread_testcancel()- pthread_cleanup_pop()- pthread_cleanup_push()-
Functions Related to Mutexes
tab(); cw(3.85i) cw(1.65i) lw(3.85i) lw(1.65i) POSIXSolaris
pthread_mutex_init()mutex_init() pthread_mutexattr_init()-
pthread_mutexattr_setpshared()- pthread_mutexattr_getpshared()-
pthread_mutexattr_setprotocol()- pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol()-
pthread_mutexattr_setprioceiling()- pthread_mutexattr_getprioceiling()-
pthread_mutexattr_settype()- pthread_mutexattr_gettype()-
pthread_mutexattr_setrobust()- pthread_mutexattr_getrobust()-
pthread_mutexattr_destroy()- pthread_mutex_setprioceiling()-
pthread_mutex_getprioceiling()- pthread_mutex_lock()mutex_lock()
pthread_mutex_trylock()mutex_trylock()
pthread_mutex_unlock()mutex_unlock()
pthread_mutex_destroy()mutex_destroy()
Functions Related to Condition Variables
tab(); cw(2.75i) cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) POSIXSolaris
pthread_cond_init()cond_init() pthread_condattr_init()- pthread_con‐
dattr_setpshared()- pthread_condattr_getpshared()- pthread_con‐
dattr_destroy()- pthread_cond_wait()cond_wait() pthread_cond_timed‐
wait()cond_timedwait() pthread_cond_signal()cond_signal()
pthread_cond_broadcast()cond_broadcast()
pthread_cond_destroy()cond_destroy()
Functions Related to Reader/Writer Locking
tab(); cw(2.75i) cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) POSIXSolaris
pthread_rwlock_init()rwlock_init() pthread_rwlock_rdlock()rw_rdlock()
pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock()rw_tryrdlock()
pthread_rwlock_wrlock()rw_wrlock() pthread_rwlock_trywrlock()rw_trywr‐
lock() pthread_rwlock_unlock()rw_unlock()
pthread_rwlock_destroy()rwlock_destroy() pthread_rwlockattr_init()-
pthread_rwlockattr_destroy()- pthread_rwlockattr_getpshared()-
pthread_rwlockattr_gettype_np()- pthread_rwlockattr_setpshared()-
pthread_rwlockattr_settype_np()-
Functions Related to Semaphores
tab(); cw(2.75i) cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) POSIXSolaris
sem_init()sema_init() sem_open()- sem_close()- sem_wait()sema_wait()
sem_trywait()sema_trywait() sem_post()sema_post() sem_getvalue()-
sem_unlink()- sem_destroy()sema_destroy()
Functions Related to fork() Clean Up
tab(); cw(2.75i) cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) POSIXSolaris
pthread_atfork()-
Functions Related to Limits
tab(); cw(2.75i) cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) POSIXSolaris
pthread_once()-
Functions Related to Debugging
tab(); cw(2.75i) cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) POSIXSolaris -thr_stk‐
segment()
LOCKING
Synchronization
Multithreaded behavior is asynchronous, and therefore, optimized for
concurrent and parallel processing. As threads, always from within the
same process and sometimes from multiple processes, share global data
with each other, they are not guaranteed exclusive access to the shared
data at any point in time. Securing mutually exclusive access to shared
data requires synchronization among the threads. Both POSIX and Solaris
implement four synchronization mechanisms: mutexes, condition vari‐
ables, reader/writer locking (optimized frequent-read occasional-write
mutex), and semaphores.
Synchronizing multiple threads diminishes their concurrency. The
coarser the grain of synchronization, that is, the larger the block of
code that is locked, the lesser the concurrency.
MT fork()
If a threads program calls fork(2), it implicitly calls fork1(2), which
replicates only the calling thread. Should there be any outstanding
mutexes throughout the process, the application should call
pthread_atfork(3C) to wait for and acquire those mutexes prior to call‐
ing fork().
SCHEDULING
POSIX Threads
Solaris supports the following three POSIX scheduling policies:
SCHED_OTHER Traditional Timesharing scheduling policy. It is based
on the timesharing (TS) scheduling class.
SCHED_FIFO First-In-First-Out scheduling policy. Threads scheduled
to this policy, if not preempted by a higher priority,
will proceed until completion. Such threads are in real-
time (RT) scheduling class. The calling process must
have the {PRIV_PROC_PRIOCNTL} privilege asserted in its
effective set.
SCHED_RR Round-Robin scheduling policy. Threads scheduled to this
policy, if not preempted by a higher priority, will exe‐
cute for a time period determined by the system. Such
threads are in real-time (RT) scheduling class and the
calling process must have the {PRIV_PROC_PRIOCNTL} priv‐
ilege asserted in its effective set.
In addition to the POSIX-specified scheduling policies above, Solaris
also supports these scheduling policies:
SCHED_IA Threads are scheduled according to the Inter-Active Class
(IA) policy as described in priocntl(2).
SCHED_FSS Threads are scheduled according to the Fair-Share Class
(FSS) policy as described in priocntl(2).
SCHED_FX Threads are scheduled according to the Fixed-Priority
Class (FX) policy as described in priocntl(2).
Solaris Threads
Only scheduling policy supported is SCHED_OTHER, which is timesharing,
based on the TS scheduling class.
ERRORS
In a multithreaded application, EINTR can be returned from blocking
system calls when another thread calls forkall(2).
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(7) for descriptions of the following attributes:
tab() box; cw(2.75i) |cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) |lw(2.75i) ATTRIBUTE TYPEAT‐
TRIBUTE VALUE _ MT-LevelMT-Safe, Fork 1-Safe
SEE ALSO
crle(1), fork(2), priocntl(2), pthread_atfork(3C), pthread_create(3C),
libpthread(3LIB), librt(3LIB), libthread(3LIB), attributes(7), privi‐
leges(7), standards(7)
Oracle Solaris 11.4 Linkers and Libraries Guide
Oracle Solaris 11.4 12 May 2017 threads(7)