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fork(2)

fork(2)                          System Calls                          fork(2)



NAME
       fork, fork1, forkall, forkx, forkallx - create a new process

SYNOPSIS
       #include <sys/types.h>
       #include <unistd.h>

       pid_t fork(void);


       pid_t fork1(void);


       pid_t forkall(void);


       #include <sys/fork.h>

       pid_t forkx(int flags);


       pid_t forkallx(int flags);

DESCRIPTION
       The  fork(), fork1(), forkall(), forkx(), and forkallx() functions cre‐
       ate a new process. The address space of the new process (child process)
       is  an  exact  copy of the address space of the calling process (parent
       process). The child process inherits the following attributes from  the
       parent process:

           o      real  user  ID,  real group ID, effective user ID, effective
                  group ID


           o      environment


           o      open file descriptors


           o      close-on-exec flags (see exec(2))


           o      signal  handling  settings  (that  is,   SIG_DFL,   SIG_IGN,
                  SIG_HOLD, function address)


           o      supplementary group IDs


           o      set-user-ID mode bit


           o      set-group-ID mode bit


           o      profiling on/off status


           o      nice value (see nice(2))


           o      scheduler class (see priocntl(2))


           o      all attached shared memory segments (see shmop(2))


           o      process group ID -- memory mappings (see mmap(2))


           o      session ID (see exit(2))


           o      current working directory


           o      extended  policy  and  related  flags (see privileges(7) and
                  setpflags(2))


           o      root directory


           o      file mode creation mask (see umask(2))


           o      resource limits (see getrlimit(2))


           o      controlling terminal


           o      saved user ID and group ID


           o      task ID and project ID


           o      processor bindings (see processor_bind(2))


           o      processor set bindings (see pset_bind(2))


           o      process privilege sets and the extended  policy  (see  getp‐
                  priv(2) and privileges(7))


           o      process flags (see getpflags(2))


           o      active contract templates (see contract(5))


           o      security extension configuration (see sxadm(8))



       Scheduling  priority and any per-process scheduling parameters that are
       specific to a given scheduling class might or might  not  be  inherited
       according to the policy of that particular class (see priocntl(2)). The
       child process might or might not be in the same process contract as the
       parent  (see  process(5)).  The  child  process differs from the parent
       process in the following ways:

           o      The child process has a unique process  ID  which  does  not
                  match any active process group ID.


           o      The  child  process  has a different parent process ID (that
                  is, the process ID of the parent process).


           o      The child process has its own  copy  of  the  parent's  file
                  descriptors and directory streams except as described below.
                  Each of the child's file descriptors shares  a  common  file
                  pointer  with  the corresponding file descriptor of the par‐
                  ent.


           o      Each shared memory segment remains attached and the value of
                  shm_nattach is incremented by 1.


           o      All semadj values are cleared (see semop(2)).


           o      Process  locks,  text  locks,  data  locks, and other memory
                  locks are not inherited by the child (see plock(3C) and mem‐
                  cntl(2)).


           o      The  child  process's  tms  structure is cleared: tms_utime,
                  stime, cutime, and cstime are set to 0 (see times(2)).


           o      The child processes resource utilizations are set to 0;  see
                  getrlimit(2).  The  it_value  and it_interval values for the
                  ITIMER_REAL timer are reset to 0; see getitimer(2).


           o      The set of signals pending for the child process is initial‐
                  ized to the empty set.


           o      Timers  created by timer_create(3C) are not inherited by the
                  child process.


           o      No asynchronous input or asynchronous output operations  are
                  inherited by the child.


           o      Any  preferred hardware address translation sizes (see memc‐
                  ntl(2)) are inherited by the child.


           o      The child process holds no contracts (see contract(5)).



       Record locks set by the parent process are not inherited by  the  child
       process (see fcntl(2)).


       File  descriptors  remain  open  in the child process, except for those
       whose close-on-fork flag FD_CLOFORK is set;  see  fcntl(2).  Note  that
       FD_CLOFORK  does  not  duplicate  then close a file descriptor across a
       fork() function: instead, the descriptor is not made available  to  the
       child process.


       Although  any  open  door  descriptors  in the parent are shared by the
       child, only the parent will receive a door invocation from clients even
       if  the door descriptor is open in the child. If a descriptor is closed
       in the parent, attempts to operate on the  door  descriptor  will  fail
       even if it is still open in the child.

   Fork Extensions
       The forkx() and forkallx() functions accept a flags argument consisting
       of a bitwise inclusive-OR of zero or more of the following flags, which
       are defined in the header <sys/fork.h>:

       FORK_NOSIGCHLD

           Do  not  post a SIGCHLD signal to the parent process when the child
           process terminates, regardless of the disposition  of  the  SIGCHLD
           signal  in  the  parent. SIGCHLD signals are still possible for job
           control stop and continue actions if the parent has requested them.


       FORK_WAITPID

           Do not allow wait-for-multiple-pids by the parent,  as  in  wait(),
           waitid(P_ALL),  or  waitid(P_PGID),  to  reap  the child and do not
           allow the child to be reaped automatically due to  the  disposition
           of the SIGCHLD signal being set to be ignored in the parent. Only a
           specific wait for the child, as in waitid(P_PID, pid),  is  allowed
           and it is required, else when the child exits it will remain a zom‐
           bie until the parent exits.



       If the flags  argument  is  0,  forkx()  is  identical  to  fork()  and
       forkallx() is identical to forkall().

   Threads
       A  call  to forkall() or forkallx() replicates in the child process all
       of the threads (see thr_create(3C) and pthread_create(3C)) in the  par‐
       ent  process.  A call to fork1() or forkx() replicates only the calling
       thread in the child process.


       A call to fork() is identical to a call to fork1();  only  the  calling
       thread  is replicated in the child process. This is the POSIX-specified
       behavior for fork().


       In releases of Solaris prior to Solaris  10,  the  behavior  of  fork()
       depended  on  whether  or not the application was linked with the POSIX
       threads library. When linked with -lthread (Solaris  Threads)  but  not
       linked   with  -lpthread  (POSIX  Threads),  fork()  was  the  same  as
       forkall(). When linked with -lpthread, whether or not also linked  with
       -lthread, fork() was the same as fork1().


       Prior to Solaris 10, either -lthread or -lpthread was required for mul‐
       tithreaded applications. This is no longer the  case.  The  standard  C
       library  provides  all  threading  support for both sets of application
       programming interfaces. Applications that  require  replicate-all  fork
       semantics must call forkall() or forkallx().

   fork() Safety
       If  a  multithreaded application calls fork(), fork1(), or forkx(), and
       the child does more than simply call  one  of  the  exec(2)  functions,
       there is a possibility of deadlock occurring in the child. The applica‐
       tion should use pthread_atfork(3C) to ensure  safety  with  respect  to
       this  deadlock.  Should there be any outstanding mutexes throughout the
       process, the application should call pthread_atfork() to wait  for  and
       acquire those mutexes prior to calling fork(), fork1(), or forkx(). See
       "MT-Level" in attributes(7).


       The pthread_atfork() mechanism  is  used  to  protect  the  locks  that
       libc(3LIB)  uses to implement interfaces such as malloc(3C). All inter‐
       faces provided by libc are safe to use in a child process  following  a
       fork(), except when fork() is executed within a signal handler.


       The POSIX standard (see standards(7)) requires fork to be Async-Signal-
       Safe (see attributes(7)). This cannot be made to happen with fork  han‐
       dlers  in  place,  because they acquire locks. To be in nominal compli‐
       ance, no fork handlers are called when fork() is executed within a sig‐
       nal context. This leaves the child process in a questionable state with
       respect to its locks, but at least the calling thread will not deadlock
       itself attempting to acquire a lock that it already owns. In this situ‐
       ation, the application should strictly adhere to the  advice  given  in
       the  POSIX  specification: "To avoid errors, the child process may only
       execute Async-Signal-Safe operations until such  time  as  one  of  the
       exec(2) functions is called."

RETURN VALUES
       Upon  successful  completion,  fork(), fork1(), forkall(), forkx(), and
       forkallx() return 0 to the child process and return the process  ID  of
       the  child  process  to  the  parent  process.  Otherwise, (pid_t)−1 is
       returned to the parent process, no child process is created, and  errno
       is set to indicate the error.

ERRORS
       The  fork(), fork1(), forkall(), forkx(), and forkallx() functions will
       fail if:

       EAGAIN    A resource control or limit on the total number of processes,
                 tasks  or  LWPs  under  execution  by  a  single  user, task,
                 project, or zone has been exceeded, or the  total  amount  of
                 system memory available is temporarily insufficient to dupli‐
                 cate this process.

                 An operation would exceed a limit or resource control on  ADI
                 memory.


       ENOMEM    There is not enough swap space.


       EPERM     The  {PRIV_PROC_FORK} privilege is not asserted in the effec‐
                 tive set of the calling process.



       The forkx() and forkallx() functions will fail if:

       EINVAL    The flags argument is invalid.


ATTRIBUTES
       See attributes(7) for descriptions of the following attributes:


       tab() box; cw(2.75i) |cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) |lw(2.75i) ATTRIBUTE  TYPEAT‐
       TRIBUTE  VALUE  _  Interface StabilityCommitted _ MT-LevelAsync-Signal-
       Safe.  _ StandardSee below.



       For fork(), see standards(7).

SEE ALSO
       memcntl(2), alarm(2), exec(2), exit(2), fcntl(2),  getitimer(2),  getr‐
       limit(2),  mmap(2), nice(2), priocntl(2), semop(2), shmop(2), spawn(2),
       times(2), umask(2), waitid(2),  door_create(3C),  exit(3C),  plock(3C),
       posix_spawn(3C),  pthread_atfork(3C),  pthread_create(3C),  signal(3C),
       system(3C), thr_create(3C),  timer_create(3C),  wait(3C),  contract(5),
       process(5), attributes(7), privileges(7), standards(7)

NOTES
       An  application  should  call _exit() rather than exit(3C) if it cannot
       execve(), since exit() will flush and close standard I/O  channels  and
       thereby  corrupt  the  parent  process's  standard I/O data structures.
       Using exit(3C) will flush buffered data twice. See exit(2).


       The thread in the child that calls fork(), fork1(), or forkx() must not
       depend  on  any  resources  held by threads that no longer exist in the
       child. In particular, locks held by these threads will not be released.


       In a multithreaded process, forkall() in one thread can cause  blocking
       system calls to be interrupted and return with an EINTR error.


       The  design of posix_spawn(3C) avoids many of the issues that can occur
       during the window between fork and exec system  calls.  When  possible,
       the  use  of  posix_spawn(3C) is recommended, in preference to the fork
       functions documented here.



Oracle Solaris 11.4               27 Mar 2020                          fork(2)
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