svcadm(1M)을 검색하려면 섹션에서 1M 을 선택하고, 맨 페이지 이름에 svcadm을 입력하고 검색을 누른다.
sort(1)
sort(1) User Commands sort(1)
NAME
sort - sort, merge, or sequence check text files
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/sort [-bcCdfimMnru] [-k keydef] [-o output]
[-S kmem] [-t char] [-T directory]
[+pos1 [-pos2]] [file]...
DESCRIPTION
The sort command sorts lines of all the named files together and writes
the result on the standard output.
Comparisons are based on one or more sort keys extracted from each line
of input. By default, there is one sort key for the entire input line.
Lines are ordered according to the collating sequence of the current
locale.
OPTIONS
The following options alter the default behavior:
-c
Checks that the single input file is ordered as specified by the
arguments and the collating sequence of the current locale. Output
shall not be sent to standard output. The exit code shall indicate
whether or not disorder was detected or an error occurred. If dis‐
order (or, with -u, a duplicate key) is detected, a warning message
shall be sent to standard error indicating where the disorder or
duplicate key was found.
-C
Same as -c, except that a warning message shall not be sent to
standard error if disorder or, with -u, a duplicate key is
detected.
-m
Merges only. The input files are assumed to be already sorted.
-o output
Specifies the name of an output file to be used instead of the
standard output. This file can be the same as one of the input
files.
-S kmem
Specifies the maximum amount of swap-based memory used for sorting,
in kilobytes (the default unit). kmem can also be specified
directly as a number of bytes (b), kilobytes (k), megabytes (m),
gigabytes (g), or terabytes (t); or as a percentage (%) of the
installed physical memory.
-T directory
Specifies the directory in which to place temporary files. If not
specified, the path specified by the TMPDIR environment variable
will be used. If neither is specified, /var/tmp will be used.
-u
Unique: suppresses all but one in each set of lines having equal
keys. If used with the -c option, checks that there are no lines
with duplicate keys in addition to checking that the input file is
sorted.
Ordering Options
The default sort order depends on the value of LC_COLLATE. If LC_COL‐
LATE is set to C, sorting is in ASCII order. If LC_COLLATE is set to
en_US, sorting is case insensitive except when the two strings are oth‐
erwise equal and one has an uppercase letter earlier than the other.
Other locales have other sort orders.
The following options override the default ordering rules. When order‐
ing options appear independent of any key field specifications, the
requested field ordering rules are applied globally to all sort keys.
When attached to a specific key (see Sort Key Options), the specified
ordering options override all global ordering options for that key. In
the obsolescent forms, if one or more of these options follows a +pos1
option, it affects only the key field specified by that preceding
option.
-d
Dictionary order: only letters, digits, and blanks (spaces and
tabs) are significant in comparisons.
-f
Folds lowercase letters into uppercase.
-i
Ignores non-printable characters.
-M
Compares as months. The first three non-blank characters of the
field are folded to uppercase and compared. For example, in English
the sorting order is JAN < FEB < ... < DEC. Invalid fields compare
low to JAN. The -M option implies the -b option (see below).
-n
Restricts the sort key to an initial numeric string, consisting of
optional blank characters, optional minus sign, and zero or more
digits with an optional radix character and thousands separators
(as defined in the current locale), which is sorted by arithmetic
value. An empty digit string is treated as zero. Leading zeros and
signs on zeros do not affect ordering.
-r
Reverses the sense of comparisons.
Field Separator Options
The treatment of field separators can be altered using the following
options:
-b
Ignores leading blank characters when determining the starting and
ending positions of a restricted sort key. If the -b option is
specified before the first sort key option, it is applied to all
sort key options. Otherwise, the -b option can be attached indepen‐
dently to each -k field_start, field_end, or +pos1 or −pos2
option-argument (see below).
-t char
Use char as the field separator character. char is not considered
to be part of a field (although it can be included in a sort key).
Each occurrence of char is significant (for example, <char><char>
delimits an empty field). If -t is not specified, blank characters
are used as default field separators; each maximal non-empty
sequence of blank characters that follows a non-blank character is
a field separator.
Sort Key Options
Sort keys can be specified using the options:
-k keydef
The keydef argument is a restricted sort key field definition. The
format of this definition is:
-k field_start [type] [,field_end [type] ]
where:
field_start and field_end
define a key field restricted to a portion of the line.
type
is a modifier from the list of characters bdfiMnr. The b modi‐
fier behaves like the -b option, but applies only to the
field_start or field_end to which it is attached and characters
within a field are counted from the first non-blank character
in the field. (This applies separately to first_character and
last_character.) The other modifiers behave like the corre‐
sponding options, but apply only to the key field to which they
are attached. They have this effect if specified with
field_start, field_end or both. If any modifier is attached to
a field_start or to a field_end, no option applies to either.
When there are multiple key fields, later keys are compared only
after all earlier keys compare equal. Except when the -u option is
specified, lines that otherwise compare equal are ordered as if
none of the options -d, -f, -i, -n or -k were present (but with -r
still in effect, if it was specified) and with all bytes in the
lines significant to the comparison.
The notation:
-k field_start[type][,field_end[type]]
defines a key field that begins at field_start and ends at
field_end inclusive, unless field_start falls beyond the end of the
line or after field_end, in which case the key field is empty. A
missing field_end means the last character of the line.
A field comprises a maximal sequence of non-separating characters
and, in the absence of option -t, any preceding field separator.
The field_start portion of the keydef option-argument has the form:
field_number[.first_character]
Fields and characters within fields are numbered starting with 1.
field_number and first_character, interpreted as positive decimal
integers, specify the first character to be used as part of a sort
key. If .first_character is omitted, it refers to the first charac‐
ter of the field.
The field_end portion of the keydef option-argument has the form:
field_number[.last_character]
The field_number is as described above for field_start. last_char‐
acter, interpreted as a non-negative decimal integer, specifies the
last character to be used as part of the sort key. If last_charac‐
ter evaluates to zero or .last_character is omitted, it refers to
the last character of the field specified by field_number.
If the -b option or b type modifier is in effect, characters within
a field are counted from the first non-blank character in the
field. (This applies separately to first_character and last_charac‐
ter.)
[+pos1 [-pos2]]
(obsolete). Provide functionality equivalent to the -kkeydef
option.
pos1 and pos2 each have the form m.n optionally followed by one or
more of the flags bdfiMnr. A starting position specified by +m.n is
interpreted to mean the n+1st character in the m+1st field. A miss‐
ing .n means .0, indicating the first character of the m+1st field.
If the b flag is in effect n is counted from the first non-blank in
the m+1st field; +m.0b refers to the first non-blank character in
the m+1st field.
A last position specified by −m.n is interpreted to mean the nth
character (including separators) after the last character of the
mth field. A missing .n means .0, indicating the last character of
the mth field. If the b flag is in effect n is counted from the
last leading blank in the m+1st field; −m.1b refers to the first
non-blank in the m+1st field.
The fully specified +pos1 −pos2 form with type modifiers T and U:
+w.xT -y.zU
is equivalent to:
undefined (z==0 & U contains b & -t is present)
-k w+1.x+1T,y.0U (z==0 otherwise)
-k w+1.x+1T,y+1.zU (z > 0)
Implementations support at least nine occurrences of the sort keys
(the -k option and obsolescent +pos1 and −pos2) which are signifi‐
cant in command line order. If no sort key is specified, a default
sort key of the entire line is used.
OPERANDS
The following operand is supported:
file
A path name of a file to be sorted, merged or checked. If no file
operands are specified, or if a file operand is −, the standard
input is used.
EXAMPLES
In the following examples, first the preferred and then the obsolete
way of specifying sort keys are given as an aid to understanding the
relationship between the two forms.
Example 1 Sorting with the Second Field as a sort Key
Either of the following commands sorts the contents of infile with the
second field as the sort key:
example% sort -k 2,2 infile
example% sort +1 −2 infile
Example 2 Sorting in Reverse Order
Either of the following commands sorts, in reverse order, the contents
of infile1 and infile2, placing the output in outfile and using the
second character of the second field as the sort key (assuming that the
first character of the second field is the field separator):
example% sort -r -o outfile -k 2.2,2.2 infile1 infile2
example% sort -r -o outfile +1.1 −1.2 infile1 infile2
Example 3 Sorting Using a Specified Character in One of the Files
Either of the following commands sorts the contents of infile1 and
infile2 using the second non-blank character of the second field as the
sort key:
example% sort -k 2.2b,2.2b infile1 infile2
example% sort +1.1b −1.2b infile1 infile2
Example 4 Sorting by Numeric User ID
Either of the following commands prints the passwd(5) file (user data‐
base) sorted by the numeric user ID (the third colon-separated field):
example% sort -t : -k 3,3n /etc/passwd
example% sort -t : +2 −3n /etc/passwd
Example 5 Printing Sorted Lines Excluding Lines that Duplicate a Field
Either of the following commands prints the lines of the already sorted
file infile, suppressing all but one occurrence of lines having the
same third field:
example% sort -um -k 3.1,3.0 infile
example% sort -um +2.0 −3.0 infile
Example 6 Sorting by Host IP Address
Either of the following commands prints the hosts(5) file (IPv4 hosts
database), sorted by the numeric IP address (the first four numeric
fields):
example$ sort -t . -k 1,1n -k 2,2n -k 3,3n -k 4,4n /etc/hosts
example$ sort -t . +0 -1n +1 -2n +2 -3n +3 -4n /etc/hosts
Since '.' is both the field delimiter and, in many locales, the decimal
separator, failure to specify both ends of the field leads to results
where the second field is interpreted as a fractional portion of the
first, and so forth.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
See environ(7) for descriptions of the following environment variables
that affect the execution of sort: LANG, LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, LC_MES‐
SAGES, and NLSPATH.
LC_CTYPE Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences
of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-
versus multibyte characters in arguments and input files)
and the behavior of character classification for the -b,
-d, -f, -i and -n options.
LC_NUMERIC Determine the locale for the definition of the radix
character and thousands separator for the -n option.
TMPDIR Specifies the directory in which to place temporary
files, if -T was not specified. If neither is specified,
/var/tmp will be used.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 All input files were output successfully, or -c was specified
and the input file was correctly sorted.
1 Under the -c option, the file was not ordered as specified, or
if the -c and -u options were both specified, two input lines
were found with equal keys.
> 1 An error occurred.
FILES
/var/tmp/stm??? Temporary files
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(7) for descriptions of the following attributes:
/usr/bin/sort
tab() box; cw(2.75i) |cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) |lw(2.75i) ATTRIBUTE TYPEAT‐
TRIBUTE VALUE _ Availabilitysystem/core-os _ CSIEnabled _ Interface
StabilityCommitted
/usr/xpg4/bin/sort
tab() box; cw(2.75i) |cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) |lw(2.75i) ATTRIBUTE TYPEAT‐
TRIBUTE VALUE _ Availabilitysystem/xopen/xcu4 _ CSIEnabled _ Interface
StabilityCommitted _ StandardSee standards(7).
SEE ALSO
comm(1), join(1), uniq(1), nl_langinfo(3C), strftime(3C), hosts(5),
passwd(5), attributes(7), environ(7), standards(7)
DIAGNOSTICS
Comments and exits with non-zero status for various trouble conditions
(for example, when input lines are too long), and for disorders discov‐
ered under the -c option.
NOTES
When the last line of an input file is missing a new-line character,
sort appends one, prints a warning message, and continues.
sort does not guarantee preservation of relative line ordering on equal
keys.
One can tune sort performance for a specific scenario using the -S
option. However, one should note in particular that sort has greater
knowledge of how to use a finite amount of memory for sorting than the
virtual memory system. Thus, a sort invoked to request an extremely
large amount of memory via the -S option could perform extremely
poorly.
As noted, certain of the field modifiers (such as -M and -d) cause the
interpretation of input data to be done with reference to locale-spe‐
cific settings. The results of this interpretation can be unexpected if
one's expectations are not aligned with the conventions established by
the locale. In the case of the month keys, sort does not attempt to
compensate for approximate month abbreviations. The precise month
abbreviations from nl_langinfo(3C) or strftime(3C) are the only ones
recognized. For printable or dictionary order, if these concepts are
not well-defined by the locale, an empty sort key might be the result,
leading to the next key being the significant one for determining the
appropriate ordering.
Oracle Solaris 11.4 11 May 2021 sort(1)