svcadm(1M)을 검색하려면 섹션에서 1M 을 선택하고, 맨 페이지 이름에 svcadm을 입력하고 검색을 누른다.
lint(1)
lint(1) User Commands lint(1)
NAME
lint - a C program checker
SYNOPSIS
lint [-#] [-###] [-a] [-b] [-Cfilename] [-c] [-dirout=dir]
[-err=warn] [-errchk=l] [-errfmt=f] [-errhdr=h] [-erroff=t]
[-errsecurity=v] [-errtags=a] [-errwarn=t] [-F] [-fd]
[-flagsrc=file] [-h] [-Idir] [-k] [-Ldir] [-lx] [-m] [-m32|-m64]
-errhdr=h[-n] [-ox] [-p] [-Rfile] [-s] [-u] [-V]
[-v] [-Wfile] [-Xarch=amd64] [-Xarch=v9] [-Xalias_level[=l]]
[-XCC=a] [-Xc99[=o]] [-Xkeeptmp=a] [-Xtemp=dir] [-Xtime=a]
[-Xtransition=a] [-Xustr={ascii_utf16_ushort|no}] [-x] [-y] files
DESCRIPTION
lint detects features of C program files which are likely to be bugs,
non-portable, or wasteful.
lint also checks type usage more strictly than the compiler. lint
issues error and warning messages. Among the things it detects are:
o Unreachable statements
o Loops not entered at the top
o Automatic variables declared and not used
o Logical expressions whose value is constant.
lint checks for functions that return values in some places and not in
others, functions called with varying numbers or types of arguments,
and functions whose values are not used or whose values are used but
none returned.
Arguments whose names end with .c are taken to be C source files; argu‐
ments ending in .i are taken to be preprocessor output files (produced
with the -P option to the compiler).
Arguments whose names end with .ln are taken to be the result of an
earlier invocation of lint with either the -C, -c, or the -o option
used. The .ln files are analogous to .o (object) files that are pro‐
duced by the cc(1) command when given a .c file as input. Files with
other suffixes are warned about and ignored.
lint takes all the .c, .i, .ln, and llib-lx.ln (specified by -lx) files
and processes them in their command-line order. By default, lint
appends the standard C lint library (llib-lc.ln) to the end of the list
of files. When the -C or -c option is used, the .ln and the llib-lx.ln
files are ignored. When the -C or -c option is not used, the second
pass of lint checks the .ln and the llib-lx.ln list of files for mutual
compatibility.
Any number of lint options may be used, in any order, intermixed with
file-name arguments.
User-Supplied Default Compiler Options Startup File
The default compiler options file enables the user to specify a set of
default options that are applied to all compiles, unless otherwise
overridden. For example, the file could specify that all compiles
default at -xO2, or automatically include the file setup.il.
The default options file can also be used with lint.
At startup, the compiler searches for a default options file listing
default options it should include for all compiles. The environment
variable SPRO_DEFAULTS_PATH specifies a colon-separated list of direc‐
tories to search for the the defaults file.
If the environment variable is not set, a standard set of defaults is
used. If the environment variable is set but is empty, no defaults are
used.
The defaults file name must be of the form compiler.defaults, where
compiler is one of the following: cc, c89, c99, CC, ftn, or lint. For
example, the defaults for lint would be lint.defaults.
If a defaults file for the compiler is found in the directories listed
in SPRO_DEFAULTS_PATH, the compiler will read the file and process the
options prior to processing the options on the command line. The first
defaults file found will be used and the search terminated.
System administrators may create system-wide default files in Studio-
install-path/prod/etc/config. If the environment variable is set, the
installed defaults file will not be read.
The format of a defaults file is similar to the command line. Each line
of the file may contain one or more compiler options separated by white
space. Shell expansions, such as wild cards and substitutions, will not
be applied to the options in the defaults file.
The value of the SPRO_DEFAULTS_PATH and the fully expanded command line
will be displayed in the verbose output produced by options -#, -###,
and -dryrun.
Options specified by the user on the command line will usually override
options read from the defaults file. For example, if the defaults file
specifies compiling with -xO4 and the user specifies -xO2 on the com‐
mand line, -xO2 will be used.
Some options appearing in the default options file will be appended
after the options specified on the command line. These are the pre‐
processor option -I, linker options -B, -L, -R, and -l, and all file
arguments, such as source files, object files, archives, and shared
objects.
The interface stability of the default options file is uncommitted. The
order of option processing is subject to change in a future release.
OPTIONS
The lint options are:
-#
Show each component as it is invoked (verbose mode).
-###
Show each component as it is invoked, but, unlike the -# option, do
not actually execute.
-a
Suppress complaints about assignments of long values to variables
that are not long.
-b
Suppress complaints about statements not reached for unreachable
break and empty statements.
-Cfilename
Produce a .ln file with the file name specified by filename. These
.ln files are the product of lint's first pass only. filename can
be a complete path name.
-c
Cause lint to produce a .ln file for every .c file on the command
line. These .ln files are the product of lint's first pass only,
and are not checked for inter-function compatibility.
-dirout=dir
Set a directory name where all lint output files be will be placed.
This option affects the -c option.
-err=warn
This is a macro for -errwarn=%all.
-errchk=l
Check structural arguments passed by value; Check portability to
environment for which the size of long integers and pointers is 64
bits.
The values may be a comma separated list such as -errchk=long‐
ptr64,structarg.
The default is -errchk=%none. Specifying -errchk is equivalent to
specifying -errchk=%all.
l is a comma-separated list of checks that consists of one or more
of the following:
[no%]locfmtchk
Use this option when you want lint to check printf-like format
strings during its first pass. Regardless of whether or not you
use -errchk=locfmtchk, lint always checks for printf-like for‐
mat strings in its second pass.
[no%]parentheses
Use this option to enhance the maintainability of code. If
-errchk=parentheses returns a warning, consider using addi‐
tional parentheses to clearly signify the precedence of opera‐
tions within the code.
[no%]signext
This option produces error messages when the normal ANSI/ISO C
value-preserving rules allow the extension of the sign of a
signed-integral value in an expression of unsigned-integral
type. This option only produces error messages when you specify
-errchk=longptr64 as well.
[no%]sizematch
Warn when a larger integer is assigned to a smaller integer.
These warnings will also be issued for assignment between same
size integers which differ in signedness; for example, unsigned
int = signed int.
[no%]structarg
Check structural arguments passed by value and report the cases
when formal parameter type is not known.
[no%]longptr64
Check portability to environment for which the size of long
integers and pointers is 64 bits and the size of plain integers
is 32 bits. Check assignments of pointer expressions and long
integer expressions to plain integers, even when explicit cast
is used.
Note that system header files define types intended to manipu‐
late pointers. With the -m32 flag those types may be defined as
base types like int that cannot safely manipulate a pointer,
thus leading to false warnings. For example, usages of size_t:
#include <stdlib.h>
size_t
myfiunk(uint32_t param)
{
return sizeof(uint64_t) * param;
}
.
$ lint -m32 -mux -errchk=longptr64 bug.c
(5) warning: assignment of 64-bit integer to 32-bit integer
$
%all
Perform all of errchk's checks.
%none
Perform none of errchk's checks. This is the default.
-errfmt=f
Specify the format of lint output. f can be one of the following:
macro, simple, src, or tab.
macro
Display the source code, the line number, and the place of the
error, with macro unfolding.
simple
Display the line number and the place number, in brackets, of
the error, for one-line (simple) diagnostic messages. Similar
to the -s option, but includes error-position information.
src
Display the source code, the line number, and the place of the
error (no macro unfolding).
tab
Display in tabular format.
The default is -errfmt = tab . Specifying -errfmt is equivalent to
specifying -errfmt =
tab.
If more than one format is specified, the last format specified is
used, and lint warns about the unused formats.
-errhdr=h
Enables the reporting of certain messages for header files. h is a
comma-separated list that consists of one or more of the following:
%all, %none,
%user.
%all
Check all used header files.
%none
Do not check header files. This is the default.
%user
Default. Checks all the user header files. Does not check sys‐
tem include files, those in /usr/include and its subdirecto‐
ries. Does not check system header files supplied by the com‐
piler.
-erroff=t
Suppress or enable lint error messages. t is a comma-separated list
that consists of one or more of the following: tag, no%tag, %all,
%none.
[no%]tag
Suppress the message specified by this tag.
%all
Suppress all messages.
%none
Enable all messages. This is the default.
The default is -erroff=%none. Specifying -erroff is equivalent to
specifying -erroff=%all.
-errsecurity=v
Use the -errsecurity option to check your code for security loop‐
holes. v must be one of the following: core, standard, extended, or
%none.
If you do not specify a setting for -errsecurity, lint sets it to
-errsecurity=%none. If you specify -errsecurity without a flag,
lint sets it to -errsecurity=standard.
core
This level checks for source code constructs that are almost
always either unsafe or difficult to verify. Checks at this
level include:
o Use of variable format strings with the printf() and
scanf() family of functions
o Use of unbounded string (%s) formats in scanf()
functions
o Use of functions with no safe usage: gets(),
cftime(), ascftime(), creat()
o Incorrect use of open() with O_CREAT
Consider source code that produces warnings at this level to be
a bug. The source code in question should be changed. In all
cases, straightforward safer alternatives are available.
standard
This level includes all checks from the core level plus checks
for constructs that may be safe, but have better alternatives
available. This level is well suited for newly-written code.
Additional checks at this level include:
o Use of string copy functions other than strlcpy()
o Use of weak random number functions
o Use of unsafe functions to generate temporary files
o Use of fopen() to create files
o Use of functions that invoke the shell
Replace source code that produces warnings at this level with
new or significantly modified code. Balance addressing these
warnings in legacy code against the risks of destabilizing the
application.
extended
This level contains the most complete set of checks, including
everything from the core and standard levels. In addition, a
number of warnings are generated about constructs that may be
unsafe in some situations. The checks at this level are useful
as an aid in reviewing code, but need not be used as a standard
with which acceptable source code must comply. Additional
checks at this level include:
o Calls to getc() or fgetc() inside a loop
o Use of functions prone to pathname race conditions
o Use of the exec family of functions
o Race conditions between stat() and other functions
Review source code which produces warnings at this level to
determine if the potential security issue is present.
-errtags=a
Displays the message tag for each error message. a can be either
yes or no. The default is -errtags=no. Specifying -errtags is
equivalent to -errtags=yes.
Works with all -errfmt options.
-errwarn=t
If the indicated warning message is issued, lint exits with a fail‐
ure status. t is a comma-separated list that consists of one or
more of the following:
tag
Cause lint to exit with a fatal status if the message specified
by tag is issued as a warning message. Has no effect if tag is
not issued.
no%tag
Prevent lint from exiting with a fatal status if the message
specified by tag is issued only as a warning message. Has no
effect if tag is not issued. Use this option to revert a warn‐
ing message that was previously specified by this option with
tag or %all from causing lint to exit with a fatal status when
issued as a warning message.
%all
Cause lint to exit with a fatal status if any warning messages
are issued. %all can be followed by no%tag to exempt specific
warning messages from this behavior.
%none
Prevents any warning messages from causing lint to exit with a
fatal status should any warning tag be issued. This is the
default.
-F
Print path names of files. lint normally prints the file name with‐
out the path.
-fd
Report about old-style function definitions and declarations.
-flagsrc=file
Execute lint with options contained in the file file. Multiple
options can be specified in file, one per line.
-h
Do not apply heuristic tests that attempt to intuit bugs, improve
style, and reduce waste.
-Idir
Search for included header files in the directory dir before
searching the current directory and/or the standard place.
-k
Alter the behavior of /*LINTED [message]*/ directives or
NOTE(LINTED(message)) annotations. Normally, lint suppresses warn‐
ing messages for the code following these directives. Instead of
suppressing the messages, lint prints an additional message con‐
taining the comment inside the directive or annotation.
-Ldir
Search for lint libraries in dir before searching the standard
place.
-lx
Include the lint library llib-lx.ln. For example, you can include a
lint version of the math library llib-lm.ln by inserting -lm on the
command line. This argument does not suppress the default use of
llib-lc.ln. These lint libraries must be in the assumed directory.
This option can be used to reference local lint libraries and is
useful in the development of multi-file projects.
-m
Suppress complaints about external symbols that could be declared
static.
-m32
-m64
Specifies the memory model for the program being analyzed. Also
searches for lint libraries that correspond to the selected memory
model (32-bit/64-bit). -m64 is the default, except on Oracle
Solaris 10 and 11 where -m32 is the default.
Use -m32 to verify 32-bit C programs and -m64 to verify 64-bit C
programs.
-n
Do not check compatibility against the standard C lint library.
-ox
Cause lint to create a lint library with the name llib-lx.ln. This
library is created from all the .ln files that lint used in its
second pass. The -c option nullifies any use of the -o option. To
produce a llib-lx.ln without extraneous messages, you can use the
-x option. The -v option is useful if the source file(s) for the
lint library are just external interfaces. The lint library pro‐
duced can be used later if lint is invoked with the -lx option.
-p
Attempt to check portability to other dialects of C. Along with
stricter checking, this option causes all non-external names to be
truncated to eight characters and all external names to be trun‐
cated to six characters and one case.
-Rfile
Write a .ln file to file, for use by cxref(1).
-s
Produce simple diagnostics with "warning:" or "error:" prefixes. By
default lint buffers some messages to produce compound output.
-u
Suppress complaints about functions and external variables used and
not defined, or defined and not used. This option is suitable for
running lint on a subset of files of a larger program.
-V
Write to standard error the product name and release.
-v
Suppress complaints about unused arguments in functions.
-Wfile
Write a .ln file to file, for use by cflow(1).
-Xalias_level[=l]
l is one of any, basic, weak, layout, strict, std, or strong. See
the C
User's Guide for
more information.
If you do not specify -Xalias_level, the default of the flag is
-Xalias_level=any. This means that there is no type-based alias-
analysis. If you specify -Xalias_level but do not supply a level,
the default is -Xalias_level=layout.
Be sure to run lint at a level of disambiguation that is no more
strict than the level at which you ran the compiler. If you run
lint at a level of disambiguation that is more strict than the
level at which you compiled, the results will be difficult to
interpret and possibly misleading.
-Xarch=amd64
Deprecated. Do not use. See -m32 | -m64.
-Xarch=v9
Deprecated. Do not use. See -m32 | -m64.
-XCC=a
Accept C++-style comments. a can be either yes or no. In particu‐
lar, / can be used to indicate the start of a comment. The default
is -XCC=no; specifying -XCC is equivalent to specifying -XCC=yes.
Note: You only need to use this option if you use -xc99=%none.
Under -xc99=%all (the default), lint accepts comments which are
indicated by //.
-Xc99=o
The -Xc99 flag controls compiler recognition of the implemented
features from the C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999, Programming Lan‐
guage - C).
o can be one of the following: all, none.
-Xc99=none turns off recognition of C99 features. -Xc99=all turns
on recognition of supported C99 features. Specifying -Xc99 without
any arguments is the same as -Xc99=all.
Note: Though the compiler support-level defaults to the language
features of the C99 standard, the standard headers provided by
Solaris 8 and Solaris 9 software in /usr/include do not conform
with the 1999 ISO/IEC C standard. If you encounter error messages,
try using -Xc99=none to obtain the 1990 ISO/IEC C standard behavior
for these headers.
-Xkeeptmp=a
Keep temporary files created during linting instead of deleting
them automatically. a can be either yes or no. The default is
-Xkeeptmp=no; specifying -Xkeeptmp is equivalent to specifying
-Xkeeptmp=yes.
-Xtemp=dir
Set the directory for temporary files to dir. Without this option,
temporary files go into /tmp.
-Xtime=a
Report the execution time for each lint pass. a can be either yes
or no. The default is -Xtime=no; specifying -Xtime is equivalent to
specifying -Xtime=yes.
-Xtransition=a
Issue warnings for the differences between K&R C and Sun ANSI C. a
can be either yes or no. The default is -Xtransition=no; specifying
-Xtransition is equivalent to specifying -Xtransition=yes.
-Xustr={ascii_utf16_ushort|no}
This option enables recognition of string literals of the form
U"ASCII_string" as an array of unsigned short int. Since such
strings are not yet part of any standard, this option enables
recognition of non-standard C.
You can turn off lint recognition of U"ASCII_string" string liter‐
als by specifying -Xustr=no. The rightmost instance of this option
on the command line overrides all previous instances.
The default is -Xustr=no. If you specify -Xustr without an argu‐
ment, the compiler won't accept it and instead issues a warning.
The default can change if the C or C++ standards define a meaning
for the syntax.
You can specify -Xustr=ascii_ustf16_ushort without also specifying
a U"ASCII_string" string literal. It is not an error to do so.
See the explanation for -xustr in the cc(1) man page for a code
example that shows a string prepended by U.
-x
Do not report variables referred to by external declarations but
never used.
-y
Specify that the file being linted be treated as if the /*LINTLI‐
BRARY*/ directive or the NOTE(LINTLIBRARY) annotation had been
used. A lint library is normally created by using the /*LINTLI‐
BRARY*/ directive or the NOTE(LINTLIBRARY) annotation.
lint recognizes many cc (1) command-line options, including -A, -D, -E,
-g, -H, -O, -P, -U, -ansi, -std=value, -pedantic, -Xa, -Xc, -Xs, -Xt ,
and -Y , although -g and -O are ignored. Unrecognized options are
warned about and ignored. The predefined macro lint is defined to allow
certain questionable code to be altered or removed for lint. Thus, the
symbol lint should be thought of as a reserved word for all code that
is planned to be checked by lint.
lint provides the following predefinition predicate by default (not
valid in -Xc mode):
#assert lint (on)
The lint token is predefined, along with those listed in the cc(1) man
page.
Certain conventional comments in the C source change the behavior of
lint:
/*ARGSUSEDn*/
Makes lint check only the first n arguments for usage; a missing n
is taken to be 0 (this directive acts like the -v option for the
next function).
/*CONSTCOND*/ or /*CONSTANTCONDITION*/
suppresses complaints about constant operands for the conditional
expression.
/*EMPTY*/
suppresses complaints about a null statement consequent on an if
statement. This directive should be placed after the test expres‐
sion, and before the semicolon. This directive is supplied to sup‐
port empty if statements when a valid else statement follows. It
suppresses messages on an empty else consequent.
/*FALLTHRU*/ or /*FALLTHROUGH*/
suppresses complaints about fall through to a case or default
labelled statement. This directive should be placed immediately
preceding the label.
/*LINTED [message]\(**/
Suppresses any intra-file warning (those issued by lint pass 1)
except those dealing with unused variables or functions. Messages
that require inter-file analysis and are issued by lint pass 2 can‐
not be suppress with the LINTED directive, and a warning message
that the LINTED suppression directive was not used is usually given
to indicateso. This directive should be placed on the line immedi‐
ately preceding where the lint warning occurred. The -k option
alters the way in which lint handles this directive. Instead of
suppressing messages, lint prints an additional message, if any,
contained in the comments. This directive is useful in conjunction
with the -s option for post-lint filtering.
/*LINTLIBRARY*/
when -o is invoked, writes to a library .ln file only definitions
in the .c file it heads. This directive suppresses complaints about
unused functions and function arguments in this file.
/*NOTREACHED*/
at appropriate points stops comments about unreachable code. [This
comment is typically placed just after calls to functions like
exit(2)].
/*PRINTFLIKEn*/
makes lint check the first (n-1) arguments as usual. The nth argu‐
ment is interpreted as a printf format string that is used to check
the remaining arguments.
/*PROTOLIBn*/
causes lint to treat function declaration prototypes as function
definitions if n is non-zero. This directive can only be used in
conjunction with the /* LINTLIBRARY */ directive. If n is zero,
function prototypes are treated normally.
/*SCANFLIKEn*/
makes lint check the first (n-1) arguments as usual. The nth argu‐
ment is interpreted as a scanf format string that is used to check
the remaining arguments.
/*VARARGSn*/
suppresses the usual checking for variable numbers of arguments in
the following function declaration. The data types of the first n
arguments are checked; a missing n is taken to be 0. The use of the
ellipsis terminator (...) in the definition is suggested in new or
updated code.
lint directives can also be specified in the form of source code anno‐
tations, by including the file note.h, for example:
#include <note.h>
NOTE(ARGSUSED(n))
NOTE(CONSTANTCONDITION)
NOTE(EMPTY)
NOTE(FALLTHROUGH)
NOTE(LINTLIBRARY)
NOTE(LINTED(message))
NOTE(NOTREACHED)
NOTE(PRINTFLIKE(n))
NOTE(PRINTFLIKE(func_name,n))
NOTE(PROTOLIB(n))
NOTE(SCANFLIKE(n))
NOTE(SCANFLIKE(func_name,n))
NOTE(VARARGS(n))
NOTE(VARARGS(func_name,n))
The following two directives can be used only as annotations:
NOTE(ALIGNMENT(func_name, n))
n=1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128
Makes lint set following function result alignment in n bytes. For
example, malloc() is defined as returning a "char *" or "void *"
when in fact it really returns pointers that are word (or even dou‐
bleword) aligned.
NOTE(ARGUNUSED(par_name[,par_name]))
makes lint not check the mentioned arguments for usage (this option
acts only for the next function).
lint can, with certain options, show precise source file lines with
pointers to the line position where the error occurred. The option
enabling this feature is -errfmt=[macro|simple|src|tab]. Under this
option, lint provides the following information:
o Source line(s) and position(s)
o Macro unfolding
o Error-prone stack(s)
lint produces its first output on a per-source-file basis. Complaints
regarding included files are collected and printed after all source
files have been processed, if -s is not specified. Finally, if the -C
or -c option is not used, information gathered from all input files is
collected and checked for consistency. At this point, if it is not
clear whether a complaint stems from a given source file or from one of
its included files, the source filename is printed followed by a ques‐
tion mark.
The behavior of the -C, -c, and the -o options allows for incremental
use of lint on a set of C source files. Generally, one invokes lint
once for each source file with the -C or -c option. Each of these invo‐
cations produces a .ln file that corresponds to the .c file, and prints
all messages that are about just that source file. After all the source
files have been separately run through lint, it is invoked once more
(without the -C or -c option), listing all the .ln files with the
needed -lx options. This prints all the inter-file inconsistencies.
This scheme works well with make; it allows make to be used to lint
only the source files that have been modified since the last time the
set of source files were linted.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
LINT_OPTIONS
A default set of options to lint. LINT_OPTIONS is interpreted by
lint as if its value had been placed on the command line, immedi‐
ately following the name used to invoke lint, as in:
lint $LINT_OPTIONS ... other-arguments ...
TMPDIR
Usually /tmp but can be redefined by setting the environment vari‐
able TMPDIR [see tempnam in tmpnam(3S)].
NOTEPATH
Colon separated paths of directories containing note definition
files (see C User's Guide).
FILES
lint1
first pass
lint2, lint2n
second pass
llib-lc.ln
declarations for C Library functions (binary format)
TMPDIR/*lint*
temporaries
SEE ALSO
cc(1), cflow(1), cxref(1), exit(2), make(1S)
See the lint chapter in the C User's Guide.
Studio 12.6 March 2017 lint(1)