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join(1)
join(1) User Commands join(1)
NAME
join - relational database operator
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/join [-a filenumber] [-v filenumber] [-1 fieldnumber]
[-2 fieldnumber] [-o list] [-e string][-t char] file1 file2
/usr/bin/join [-a filenumber] [-j fieldnumber] [-j1 fieldnumber]
[-j2 fieldnumber] [-o list] [-e string][-t char] file1 file2
DESCRIPTION
join performs an equality join on the files file1 and file2 and writes
the resulting joined files to standard output. By default, a field is
delimited by one or more spaces and tabs with leading spaces and/or
tabs ignored. The -t option can be used to change the field delimiter.
The join field is a field in each file on which files are compared. By
default join writes one line in the output for each pair of lines in
files1 and files2 that have identical join fields. The default output
line consists of the join field, then the remaining fields from file1,
then the remaining fields from file2, but this can be changed with the
-o option. The -a option can be used to add unmatched lines to the out‐
put. The -v option can be used to output only unmatched lines.
The files file1 and file2 must be ordered in the collating sequence of
sort -b on the fields on which they are to be joined otherwise the
results are unspecified.
If either file1 or file2 is -, join uses standard input starting at the
current location.
OPTIONS
Some of the options below use the argument filenumber. This argument
should be a 1 or a 2 referring to either file1 or file2, respectively.
-a filenumber In addition to the normal output, produce a line for
each unpairable line in file filenumber, where
filenumber is 1 or 2. If both -a 1 and -a 2 are
specified, all unpairable lines are output.
-e string Replace empty output fields in the list selected by
option -o with the string string.
-j fieldnumber Equivalent to -1 fieldnumber -2fieldnumber. Fields
are numbered starting with 1.
-j1 fieldnumber Equivalent to -1 fieldnumber. Fields are numbered
starting with 1.
-j2 fieldnumber Equivalent to -2 fieldnumber. Fields are numbered
starting with 1.
-o list Each output line includes the fields specified in
list. Fields selected by list that do not appear in
the input are treated as empty output fields. (See
the -e option.) Each element of which has the either
the form filenumber.fieldnumber, or 0, which repre‐
sents the join field. The common field is not
printed unless specifically requested.
-t char Use character char as a separator. Every appearance
of char in a line is significant. The character char
is used as the field separator for both input and
output. With this option specified, the collating
term should be the same as sort without the -b
option.
-v filenumber Instead of the default output, produce a line only
for each unpairable line in filenumber, where
filenumber is 1 or 2. If both -v 1 and -v 2 are
specified, all unpairable lines are output.
-1 fieldnumber Join on the fieldnumber-th field of file 1. Fields
are decimal integers starting with 1.
-2 fieldnumber Join on the fieldnumber-th field of file 2. Fields
are decimal integers starting with 1.
OPERANDS
The following operands are supported:
file1 A path name of a file to be joined. If either of the file1 or
file2 operands is −, the standard input is used in its place.
file2 A path name of a file to be joined. If either of the file1 or
file2 operands is −, the standard input is used in its place.
file1 and file2 must be sorted in increasing collating sequence as
determined by LC_COLLATE on the fields on which they are to be joined,
normally the first in each line (see sort(1)).
EXAMPLES
Example 1 Joining the password File and Group File
The following command line joins the password file and the group file,
matching on the numeric group ID, and outputting the login name, the
group name and the login directory. It is assumed that the files have
been sorted in ASCII collating sequence on the group ID fields.
example% join -j1 4-j2 3 -o 1.1 2.1 1.6 -t:/etc/passwd /etc/group
Example 2 Using the -o Option
The -o 0 field essentially selects the union of the join fields. For
example, given file phone:
!Name Phone Number
Don +1 123-456-7890
Hal +1 234-567-8901
Yasushi +2 345-678-9012
and file fax:
!Name Fax Number
Don +1 123-456-7899
Keith +1 456-789-0122
Yasushi +2 345-678-9011
where the large expanses of white space are meant to each represent a
single tab character), the command:
example% join -t"tab" -a 1 -a 2 -e '(unknown)' -o 0,1.2,2.2 phone fax
would produce
!Name Phone Number Fax Number
Don +1 123-456-7890 +1 123-456-7899
Hal +1 234-567-8901 (unknown
Keith (unknown) +1 456-789-012
Yasushi +2 345-678-9012 +2 345-678-9011
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
See environ(7) for descriptions of the following environment variables
that affect the execution of join: LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES,
LC_COLLATE, and NLSPATH.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 All input files were output successfully.
>0 An error occurred.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(7) for descriptions of the following attributes:
tab() box; cw(2.75i) |cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) |lw(2.75i) ATTRIBUTE TYPEAT‐
TRIBUTE VALUE _ Availabilitysystem/core-os _ CSIEnabled _ Interface
StabilityCommitted _ StandardSee standards(7).
SEE ALSO
awk(1), comm(1), sort(1), uniq(1), attributes(7), environ(7), stan‐
dards(7)
NOTES
With default field separation, the collating sequence is that of sort
-b; with -t, the sequence is that of a plain sort.
The conventions of the join, sort, comm, uniq, and awk commands are
wildly incongruous.
Oracle Solaris 11.4 14 Apr 2019 join(1)