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ssh-keygen(1)

generates,  manages and converts authentication keys for can cre‐
ate keys for use by SSH protocol version 2.  The type of  key  to
be  generated  is  specified with the option.  If invoked without
any arguments, will generate an Ed25519 key (RSA key  if  running
in  FIPS-140  mode).   is also used to generate groups for use in
Diffie-Hellman group exchange (DH-GEX).  See the section for  de‐
tails.   Finally,  can be used to generate and update Key Revoca‐
tion Lists, and to test whether given keys have been  revoked  by
one.  See the section for details.  Normally each user wishing to
use  SSH  with public key authentication runs this once to create
the authentication key in or Additionally, the system administra‐
tor may use this to generate host keys, as seen in Normally  this
program  generates  the key and asks for a file in which to store
the private key.  The public key is stored in  a  file  with  the
same  name but appended.  The program also asks for a passphrase.
The passphrase may be empty to indicate no passphrase (host  keys
must  have  an  empty passphrase), or it may be a string of arbi‐
trary length.  A passphrase is similar to a password,  except  it
can  be  a  phrase  with a series of words, punctuation, numbers,
whitespace,  or  any  string  of  characters  you   want.    Good
passphrases  are  10-30 characters long, are not simple sentences
or otherwise easily guessable (English prose has only 1-2 bits of
entropy per character, and provides very  bad  passphrases),  and
contain  a  mix of upper and lowercase letters, numbers, and non-
alphanumeric characters.  The passphrase can be changed later  by
using  the option.  There is no way to recover a lost passphrase.
If the passphrase is lost or forgotten, a new key must be  gener‐
ated  and  the corresponding public key copied to other machines.
will by default write keys in an OpenSSH-specific  format.   This
format  is  preferred  as it offers better protection for keys at
rest as well as allowing storage of key comments within the  pri‐
vate  key  file  itself.   The  key comment may be useful to help
identify the key.  The comment is initialized to when the key  is
created, but can be changed using the option.  It is still possi‐
ble  for to write the previously-used PEM format private keys us‐
ing the flag.  This may be used when generating new keys, and ex‐
isting new-format keys may be converted using this option in con‐
junction with the (change passphrase) flag.  After a key is  gen‐
erated, will ask where the keys should be placed to be activated.
The options are as follows: Generate host keys of all default key
types  (rsa,  ecdsa,  and  ed25519) if they do not already exist.
The host keys are generated with the default key  file  path,  an
empty passphrase, default bits for the key type, and default com‐
ment.  If has also been specified, its argument is used as a pre‐
fix  to  the default path for the resulting host key files.  This
is used by to generate new host keys.  If OpenSSL is  running  in
FIPS-140  mode, only rsa and ecdsa host keys are generated.  When
saving a private key, this option specifies  the  number  of  KDF
(key  derivation function, currently rounds used.  Higher numbers
result in slower passphrase verification and increased resistance
to brute-force password cracking (should  the  keys  be  stolen).
The default is 16 rounds.  Show the bubblebabble digest of speci‐
fied private or public key file.  Specifies the number of bits in
the  key  to create.  For RSA keys, the minimum size is 1024 bits
and the default is 3072 bits.  Generally, 3072 bits is considered
sufficient.  For ECDSA keys, the flag determines the  key  length
by  selecting from one of three elliptic curve sizes: 256, 384 or
521 bits.  Attempting to use bit lengths other than  these  three
values  for ECDSA keys will fail.  Ed25519 key has a fixed length
and the flag will be ignored.  Provides a new comment.   Requests
changing  the  comment  in the private and public key files.  The
program will prompt for the file containing the private keys, for
the passphrase if the key has  one,  and  for  the  new  comment.
Download  the  public keys provided by the PKCS#11 shared library
When used in combination with this option indicates that a CA key
resides in a PKCS#11 token (see the section for details).  Speci‐
fies the hash algorithm used when  displaying  key  fingerprints.
Valid  options  are:  and The default is If OpenSSL is running in
FIPS-140 mode, the only supported option is This option will read
a private or public OpenSSH key file and print to stdout a public
key in one of the formats specified by the option.   The  default
export  format  is  This option allows exporting OpenSSH keys for
use by other programs, including several commercial SSH implemen‐
tations.  Search for the specified (with optional port number) in
a file, listing any occurrences found.  This option is useful  to
find  hashed host names or addresses and may also be used in con‐
junction with the option to print found keys in a hashed  format.
Specifies  the  filename of the key file.  Use generic DNS format
when printing fingerprint resource  records  using  the  command.
Hash  a  file.   This  replaces  all hostnames and addresses with
hashed representations within the specified  file;  the  original
content  is moved to a file with a .old suffix.  These hashes may
be used normally by and but they do not reveal identifying infor‐
mation should the file's contents be disclosed.  This option will
not modify existing hashed hostnames and is therefore safe to use
on files that mix hashed and non-hashed names.   When  signing  a
key,  create  a  host  certificate instead of a user certificate.
See the section for details.  Specify the key identity when sign‐
ing a public key.  See the section for details.  This option will
read an unencrypted private (or public) key file  in  the  format
specified  by  the option and print an OpenSSH compatible private
(or public) key to stdout.  This  option  allows  importing  keys
from other software, including several commercial SSH implementa‐
tions.   The default import format is Download resident keys from
a FIDO authenticator.  Public and private key files will be writ‐
ten to the current directory for each downloaded key.  If  multi‐
ple  FIDO  authenticators  are  attached, keys will be downloaded
from the first touched authenticator.  See the section  for  more
information.  Generate a KRL file.  In this mode, will generate a
KRL  file  at  the  location  specified via the flag that revokes
every  key  or  certificate  presented  on  the   command   line.
Keys/certificates  to  be  revoked may be specified by public key
file or using the format described in the  section.   Prints  the
contents of one or more certificates.  Show fingerprint of speci‐
fied  public  key file.  will try to find the matching public key
file and prints its fingerprint.  If combined with a visual ASCII
art representation of the key is supplied with  the  fingerprint.
Generate candidate Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange (DH-GEX) parame‐
ters  for  eventual use by the key exchange methods.  The numbers
generated by this operation must be further screened before  use.
See  the  section for more information.  Screen candidate parame‐
ters for Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange.  This will accept a  list
of candidate numbers and test that they are safe (Sophie Germain)
primes with acceptable group generators.  The results of this op‐
eration  may  be added to the file.  See the section for more in‐
formation.  Specify a key format for  key  generation,  the  (im‐
port), (export) conversion options, and the change passphrase op‐
eration.   The latter may be used to convert between OpenSSH pri‐
vate key and PEM private key formats.  The supported key  formats
are: (RFC 4716/SSH2 public or private key), (PKCS8 public or pri‐
vate  key)  or  (PEM  public key).  By default OpenSSH will write
newly-generated private keys in its own format, but when convert‐
ing public keys for export the default format is Setting a format
of when generating or updating a supported private key type  will
cause  the key to be stored in the legacy PEM private key format.
Provides the new passphrase.   Specify  one  or  more  principals
(user or host names) to be included in a certificate when signing
a  key.   Multiple principals may be specified, separated by com‐
mas.  See the section for details.  Specify a  key/value  option.
These  are  specific  to the operation that has been requested to
perform.  When signing certificates, one of the options listed in
the section may be specified here.  When performing moduli gener‐
ation or screening, one of the options listed in the section  may
be  specified.   When  generating FIDO authenticator-backed keys,
the options listed in the section may be  specified.   When  per‐
forming  signature-related  options using the flag, the following
options are accepted: Selects the hash algorithm to use for hash‐
ing the message to be signed.  Valid algorithms are and  The  de‐
fault  is Print the full public key to standard output after sig‐
nature verification.  Specifies a time  to  use  when  validating
signatures  instead  of the current time.  The time may be speci‐
fied as a  date  or  time  in  the  YYYYMMDD[Z]  or  in  YYYYMMD‐
DHHMM[SS][Z] formats.  Dates and times will be interpreted in the
current  system  time  zone  unless  suffixed with a Z character,
which causes them to be interpreted in the UTC time  zone.   When
generating SSHFP DNS records from public keys using the flag, the
following  options  are accepted: Selects a hash algorithm to use
when printing SSHFP records using the flag.  Valid algorithms are
and The default is to print both.  The option  may  be  specified
multiple  times.  Provides the (old) passphrase.  Requests chang‐
ing the passphrase of a private key file instead  of  creating  a
new private key.  The program will prompt for the file containing
the  private  key,  for the old passphrase, and twice for the new
passphrase.  Test whether keys have been revoked in  a  KRL.   If
the option is also specified then the contents of the KRL will be
printed.   Silence  Removes  all  keys belonging to the specified
(with optional port number) from a file.  This option  is  useful
to  delete  hashed hosts (see the option above).  Print the SSHFP
fingerprint resource record named for the  specified  public  key
file.   Certify  (sign)  a public key using the specified CA key.
See the section for details.  When generating a KRL, specifies  a
path to a CA public key file used to revoke certificates directly
by key ID or serial number.  See the section for details.  Speci‐
fies  the type of key to create.  The possible values are or This
flag may also be used to specify the desired signature type  when
signing certificates using an RSA CA key.  The available RSA sig‐
nature  variants are (SHA1 signatures, not recommended), and (the
default for RSA keys).  When used in combination with or this op‐
tion indicates that a CA key resides in an See  the  section  for
more information.  Update a KRL.  When specified with keys listed
via  the command line are added to the existing KRL rather than a
new KRL being created.  Specify a validity interval when  signing
a certificate.  A validity interval may consist of a single time,
indicating that the certificate is valid beginning now and expir‐
ing  at  that  time,  or  may consist of two times separated by a
colon to indicate an explicit time interval.  The start time  may
be  specified  as:  The string to indicate the certificate has no
specified start time.  A date or time in  the  system  time  zone
formatted as YYYYMMDD or YYYYMMDDHHMM[SS].  A date or time in the
UTC time zone as YYYYMMDDZ or YYYYMMDDHHMM[SS]Z.  A relative time
before  the  current  system time consisting of a minus sign fol‐
lowed by an interval in the format described in the TIME  FORMATS
section of A raw seconds since epoch (Jan 1 1970 00:00:00 UTC) as
a hexadecimal number beginning with The end time may be specified
similarly  to the start time: The string to indicate the certifi‐
cate has no specified end time.  A date or  time  in  the  system
time  zone  formatted as YYYYMMDD or YYYYMMDDHHMM[SS].  A date or
time in the UTC time zone as YYYYMMDDZ or  YYYYMMDDHHMM[SS]Z.   A
relative  time after the current system time consisting of a plus
sign followed by an interval in the format described in the  TIME
FORMATS section of A raw seconds since epoch (Jan 1 1970 00:00:00
UTC)  as  a  hexadecimal number beginning with For example: Valid
from now to 52 weeks and one day from now.  Valid from four weeks
ago to four weeks from now.  Valid from 12:30  PM,  January  1st,
2010 to 12:30 PM, January 1st, 2011.  Similar, but interpreted in
the  UTC  time zone rather than the system time zone.  Valid from
yesterday to midnight, January 1st,  2011.   Valid  from  roughly
early  1970 to May 2033.  Valid from one minute ago and never ex‐
piring.  Verbose mode.  Causes to print debugging messages  about
its  progress.   This is helpful for debugging moduli generation.
Multiple options increase  the  verbosity.   The  maximum  is  3.
Specifies  a  path  to  a library that will be used when creating
FIDO authenticator-hosted keys, overriding the default  of  using
the  internal  USB  HID support.  Not supported in Solaris.  Find
the principal(s) associated with the public key of  a  signature,
provided  using  the  flag in an authorized signers file provided
using the flag.  The format of the allowed signers file is  docu‐
mented  in the section below.  If one or more matching principals
are found, they are returned on standard output.  Find  principal
matching the principal name provided using the flag in the autho‐
rized  signers  file  specified  using  the flag.  If one or more
matching principals are found, they are returned on standard out‐
put.  Checks that a signature generated using has a valid  struc‐
ture.  This does not validate if a signature comes from an autho‐
rized  signer.   When  testing  a signature, accepts a message on
standard input and a signature namespace using A file  containing
the corresponding signature must also be supplied using the flag.
Successful  testing  of the signature is signalled by returning a
zero exit status.  Cryptographically sign a file or some data us‐
ing an SSH key.  When signing, accepts zero or more files to sign
on the command-line - if no files are specified  then  will  sign
data  presented on standard input.  Signatures are written to the
path of the input file with appended, or to  standard  output  if
the  message  to be signed was read from standard input.  The key
used for signing is specified using the option and may  refer  to
either  a  private  key,  or  a  public key with the private half
available via An additional signature namespace, used to  prevent
signature  confusion  across  different domains of use (e.g. file
signing vs email signing) must be provided via the  flag.   Name‐
spaces  are arbitrary strings, and may include: for file signing,
for email signing.  For custom uses, it  is  recommended  to  use
names following a NAMESPACE@YOUR.DOMAIN pattern to generate unam‐
biguous  namespaces.  Request to verify a signature generated us‐
ing as described above.  When verifying a  signature,  accepts  a
message  on standard input and a signature namespace using A file
containing the corresponding signature must also be supplied  us‐
ing  the  flag, along with the identity of the signer using and a
list of allowed signers via the flag.  The format of the  allowed
signers file is documented in the section below.  A file contain‐
ing  revoked  keys  can be passed using the flag.  The revocation
file may be a KRL or a one-per-line list of  public  keys.   Suc‐
cessful  verification by an authorized signer is signalled by re‐
turning a zero exit status.  This  option  will  read  a  private
OpenSSH  format  file  and print an OpenSSH public key to stdout.
Specifies the cipher  to  use  for  encryption  when  writing  an
OpenSSH-format  private  key file.  The list of available ciphers
may be obtained using The default is Specifies a serial number to
be embedded in the certificate to  distinguish  this  certificate
from  others from the same CA.  If the is prefixed with a charac‐
ter, then the serial number will be incremented for each certifi‐
cate signed on a single command-line.  The default serial  number
is  zero.   When  generating a KRL, the flag is used to specify a
KRL version number.  may be  used  to  generate  groups  for  the
Diffie-Hellman  Group  Exchange  (DH-GEX)  protocol.   Generating
these groups is a two-step process: first, candidate  primes  are
generated using a fast, but memory intensive process.  These can‐
didate  primes  are  then tested for suitability (a CPU-intensive
process).  Generation of primes is performed  using  the  option.
The  desired length of the primes may be specified by the option.
For example: By default, the search for primes begins at a random
point in the desired length range.  This may be overridden  using
the  option,  which  specifies  a different start point (in hex).
Once a set of  candidates  have  been  generated,  they  must  be
screened  for  suitability.   This may be performed using the op‐
tion.  In this mode will read candidates from standard input  (or
a  file  specified  using  the option).  For example: By default,
each candidate will be subjected to 100  primality  tests.   This
may  be overridden using the option.  The DH generator value will
be chosen automatically for the prime under consideration.  If  a
specific  generator is desired, it may be requested using the op‐
tion.  Valid generator values are  2,  3,  and  5.   Screened  DH
groups  may  be  installed in It is important that this file con‐
tains moduli of a range of bit lengths.  A number of options  are
available  for moduli generation and screening via the flag: Exit
after screening the specified number of lines while performing DH
candidate screening.  Start screening at the specified line  num‐
ber while performing DH candidate screening.  Write the last line
processed  to  the  specified  file while performing DH candidate
screening.  This will be used to skip lines  in  the  input  file
that  have already been processed if the job is restarted.  Spec‐
ify start point (in hex) when generating candidate moduli for DH-
GEX.  Specify desired generator (in decimal) when testing  candi‐
date moduli for DH-GEX.  supports signing of keys to produce cer‐
tificates that may be used for user or host authentication.  Cer‐
tificates  consist  of  a  public key, some identity information,
zero or more principal (user or host) names and a set of  options
that  are  signed by a Certification Authority (CA) key.  Clients
or servers may then trust only the CA key and verify  its  signa‐
ture  on  a certificate rather than trusting many user/host keys.
Note that OpenSSH certificates are a different, and much simpler,
format to the X.509 certificates used in supports  two  types  of
certificates:  user  and  host.   User  certificates authenticate
users to servers, whereas host certificates  authenticate  server
hosts  to  users.   To generate a user certificate: The resultant
certificate will be placed in A host certificate requires the op‐
tion: The host certificate will be output to It  is  possible  to
sign  using  a  CA key stored in a PKCS#11 token by providing the
token library using and identifying the CA key by  providing  its
public  half  as an argument to Similarly, it is possible for the
CA key to be hosted in an This is  indicated  by  the  flag  and,
again,  the CA key must be identified by its public half.  In all
cases, is a "key identifier" that is logged by  the  server  when
the  certificate is used for authentication.  Certificates may be
limited to be valid for a set of principal (user/host) names.  By
default, generated certificates are valid for all users or hosts.
To generate a certificate for a specified set of principals:  Ad‐
ditional limitations on the validity and use of user certificates
may  be specified through certificate options.  A certificate op‐
tion may disable features of the SSH session, may be  valid  only
when  presented from particular source addresses or may force the
use of a specific command.  The options that are valid  for  user
certificates  are: Clear all enabled permissions.  This is useful
for clearing the default set of permissions so permissions may be
added individually.  Includes an arbitrary  certificate  critical
option  or extension.  The specified should include a domain suf‐
fix, e.g. If is specified then it is included as the contents  of
the  extension/option  encoded  as a string, otherwise the exten‐
sion/option is created with no  contents  (usually  indicating  a
flag).  Extensions may be ignored by a client or server that does
not  recognise  them, whereas unknown critical options will cause
the certificate to be refused.  Forces the execution  of  instead
of  any  shell or command specified by the user when the certifi‐
cate is used for authentication.  Disable  forwarding  (permitted
by  default).   Disable  port  forwarding (permitted by default).
Disable PTY allocation (permitted by default).  Disable execution
of by (permitted by default).  Disable X11 forwarding  (permitted
by default).  Allows forwarding.  Allows port forwarding.  Allows
PTY  allocation.   Allows  execution of by Allows X11 forwarding.
Do not require signatures made using this key include  demonstra‐
tion  of user presence (e.g. by having the user touch the authen‐
ticator).  This option only makes sense for the FIDO  authentica‐
tor  algorithms and which are currently not supported on Solaris.
Restrict the source addresses from which the certificate is  con‐
sidered  valid.  The is a comma-separated list of one or more ad‐
dress/netmask pairs in CIDR format.  Require signatures made  us‐
ing  this  key indicate that the user was first verified, e.g. by
PIN or on-token biometrics.  This option only makes sense for the
FIDO authenticator algorithms and At present, no standard options
are valid for host keys.  Finally, certificates  may  be  defined
with  a  validity  lifetime.   The option allows specification of
certificate start and end times.  A certificate that is presented
at a time outside this range will not be  considered  valid.   By
default, certificates are valid from the Epoch to the distant fu‐
ture.   For  certificates to be used for user or host authentica‐
tion, the CA public key must be trusted by or Refer to those man‐
ual pages for details.  is able to generate  FIDO  authenticator-
backed keys, after which they may be used much like any other key
type  supported by OpenSSH, so long as the hardware authenticator
is attached when the keys are used.  FIDO  authenticators  gener‐
ally  require  the  user  to  explicitly  authorise operations by
touching or tapping them.  FIDO keys consist of two parts: a  key
handle part stored in the private key file on disk, and a per-de‐
vice  private  key  that is unique to each FIDO authenticator and
that cannot be exported from the authenticator  hardware.   These
are combined by the hardware at authentication time to derive the
real  key  that  is used to sign authentication challenges.  Sup‐
ported key types are and The options that are valid for FIDO keys
are: Override the default FIDO application/origin string of  This
may  be  useful  when generating host or domain-specific resident
keys.  The specified application string must begin with Specifies
a path to a challenge string that will be passed to the FIDO  au‐
thenticator  during  key generation.  The challenge string may be
used as part of an out-of-band protocol  for  key  enrollment  (a
random  challenge  is used by default).  Explicitly specify a de‐
vice to use, rather than letting the authenticator middleware se‐
lect one.  Indicate that the generated private key should not re‐
quire touch events (user presence) when making signatures.   Note
that  will  refuse  such signatures by default, unless overridden
via an authorized_keys option.   Indicate  that  the  key  handle
should be stored on the FIDO authenticator itself.  This makes it
easier  to use the authenticator on multiple computers.  Resident
keys may be supported on FIDO2 authenticators and  typically  re‐
quire that a PIN be set on the authenticator prior to generation.
Resident  keys  may be loaded off the authenticator using Storing
both parts of a key on a FIDO authenticator increases the likeli‐
hood of an attacker being able to use a stolen authenticator  de‐
vice.   A username to be associated with a resident key, overrid‐
ing the empty default username.  Specifying  a  username  may  be
useful when generating multiple resident keys for the same appli‐
cation  name.  Indicate that this private key should require user
verification for each signature.   Not  all  FIDO  authenticators
support  this  option.   Currently PIN authentication is the only
supported verification method, but other methods may be supported
in the future.  May be used at key generation time to record  the
attestation  data  returned  from  FIDO authenticators during key
generation.  This information is potentially sensitive.   By  de‐
fault,  this information is discarded.  is able to manage OpenSSH
format Key Revocation Lists (KRLs).  These binary  files  specify
keys or certificates to be revoked using a compact format, taking
as little as one bit per certificate if they are being revoked by
serial  number.   KRLs may be generated using the flag.  This op‐
tion reads one or more files from the command line and  generates
a new KRL.  The files may either contain a KRL specification (see
below)  or  public  keys, listed one per line.  Plain public keys
are revoked by listing their hash or contents in the KRL and cer‐
tificates revoked by serial number or key ID (if  the  serial  is
zero  or not available).  Revoking keys using a KRL specification
offers explicit control over the types of record used  to  revoke
keys  and  may  be used to directly revoke certificates by serial
number or key ID without having the complete original certificate
on hand.  A KRL specification consists of lines containing one of
the following directives followed by a colon and some  directive-
specific  information.   Revokes a certificate with the specified
serial number.  Serial numbers are 64-bit values,  not  including
zero  and may be expressed in decimal, hex or octal.  If two ser‐
ial numbers are specified separated by a hyphen, then  the  range
of  serial numbers including and between each is revoked.  The CA
key must have been specified on the command line  using  the  op‐
tion.   Revokes  a  certificate with the specified key ID string.
The CA key must have been specified on the command line using the
option.  Revokes the specified key.  If a certificate is  listed,
then  it is revoked as a plain public key.  Revokes the specified
key by including its SHA1 hash in the KRL.  Revokes the specified
key by including its SHA256 hash in the KRL.   KRLs  that  revoke
keys  by  SHA256 hash are not supported by OpenSSH versions prior
to 7.9.  Revokes a key using a fingerprint hash, as obtained from
an authentication log message or the flag.  Only  SHA256  finger‐
prints are supported here and resultant KRLs are not supported by
OpenSSH  versions  prior  to  7.9.  KRLs may be updated using the
flag in addition to When this option is  specified,  keys  listed
via the command line are merged into the KRL, adding to those al‐
ready  there.   It is also possible, given a KRL, to test whether
it revokes a particular key (or keys).  The flag  will  query  an
existing KRL, testing each key specified on the command line.  If
any  key listed on the command line has been revoked (or an error
encountered) then will exit with a non-zero exit status.  A  zero
exit  status  will  only be returned if no key was revoked.  When
verifying signatures, uses a simple list of identities  and  keys
to determine whether a signature comes from an authorized source.
This "allowed signers" file uses a format patterned after the AU‐
THORIZED_KEYS FILE FORMAT described in Each line of the file con‐
tains  the following space-separated fields: principals, options,
keytype, base64-encoded key.  Empty lines and lines starting with
a are ignored as comments.  The principals field  is  a  pattern-
list  (see  PATTERNS in consisting of one or more comma-separated
USER@DOMAIN identity patterns  that  are  accepted  for  signing.
When  verifying, the identity presented via the option must match
a principals pattern in order for the  corresponding  key  to  be
considered acceptable for verification.  The options (if present)
consist  of comma-separated option specifications.  No spaces are
permitted, except within double  quotes.   The  following  option
specifications are supported (note that option keywords are case-
insensitive):  Indicates  that this key is accepted as a certifi‐
cate authority (CA) and that certificates signed by this  CA  may
be  accepted for verification.  Specifies a pattern-list of name‐
spaces that are  accepted  for  this  key.   If  this  option  is
present, the signature namespace embedded in the signature object
and  presented  on  the  verification command-line must match the
specified list before the key will be considered acceptable.  In‐
dicates that the key is valid for use at or after  the  specified
timestamp,  which  may  be  a  date or time in the YYYYMMDD[Z] or
YYYYMMDDHHMM[SS][Z] formats.  Dates and times will be interpreted
in the current system time zone unless suffixed with a Z  charac‐
ter,  which  causes  them to be interpreted in the UTC time zone.
Indicates that the key is valid for use at or before  the  speci‐
fied  timestamp.  When verifying signatures made by certificates,
the expected principal name must match both the  principals  pat‐
tern  in  the allowed signers file and the principals embedded in
the certificate itself.  An example allowed signers file: #  Com‐
ments  allowed  at  start  of  line user1@example.com,user2@exam‐
ple.com ssh-rsa AAAAX1...  # A certificate authority, trusted for
all principals in a domain.   *@example.com  cert-authority  ssh-
ed25519 AAAB4...  # A key that is accepted only for file signing.
user2@example.com  namespaces="file" ssh-ed25519 AAA41...  Speci‐
fies a path to a library that will be used when loading any  FIDO
authenticator-hosted  keys,  overriding  the default of using the
built-in USB HID support.  Not supported  in  Solaris.   Contains
the  ECDSA,  authenticator-hosted  ECDSA, Ed25519, authenticator-
hosted Ed25519 or RSA authentication identity of the user.   This
file should not be readable by anyone but the user.  It is possi‐
ble  to  specify  a  passphrase  when  generating  the  key; that
passphrase will be used to encrypt the private part of this  file
using  128-bit  AES.   This file is not automatically accessed by
but it is offered as the default file for the private key.   will
read this file when a login attempt is made.  Contains the ECDSA,
authenticator-hosted ECDSA, Ed25519, authenticator-hosted Ed25519
or  RSA public key for authentication.  The contents of this file
should be added to on all machines where the user wishes  to  log
in using public key authentication.  There is no need to keep the
contents  of  this  file  secret.  Contains Diffie-Hellman groups
used for DH-GEX.  The file format is described in

See for descriptions of the following attributes:

box; cbp-1 | cbp-1 l | l .   ATTRIBUTE  TYPE  ATTRIBUTE  VALUE  =
Availability    network/ssh = Stability       Pass-through uncom‐
mitted  OpenSSH  is  a  derivative  of  the original and free ssh
1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen.  Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck,  Markus
Friedl,  Niels  Provos,  Theo  de Raadt and Dug Song removed many
bugs, re-added newer features and created OpenSSH.  Markus Friedl
contributed the support for SSH protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0.



Source code for open source software components in Oracle Solaris
can be found  at  https://www.oracle.com/downloads/opensource/so‐
laris-source-code-downloads.html.

This software was built from source available at:
https://github.com/oracle/solaris-userland

The original community source was downloaded from:
https://mir‐
rors.sonic.net/pub/OpenBSD/OpenSSH/portable/openssh-10.2p1.tar.gz

Further  information about this software can be found on the open
source community website at https://www.openssh.com/.





















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