ssh(1) 맨 페이지 - 윈디하나의 솔라나라

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ssh(1)

(SSH  client)  is a program for logging into a remote machine and
for executing commands on a remote machine.  It  is  intended  to
provide  secure  encrypted  communications  between two untrusted
hosts over an insecure network.  X11 connections,  arbitrary  TCP
ports  and sockets can also be forwarded over the secure channel.
connects and logs into the specified which may  be  specified  as
either or a URI of the form The user must prove their identity to
the  remote machine using one of several methods (see below).  If
a is specified, it will be executed on the remote host instead of
a login shell.  A complete command line may be specified as or it
may have additional arguments.  If supplied, the  arguments  will
be  appended  to  the  command, separated by spaces, before it is
sent to the server to be executed.  If ssh links with  FIPS-capa‐
ble  OpenSSL,  ssh  runs in FIPS-140 mode.  In FIPS-140 mode non-
FIPS approved ciphers, MACs and digests are  disabled.   The  op‐
tions  are as follows: Forces to use IPv4 addresses only.  Forces
to use IPv6 addresses only.  Enables  forwarding  of  connections
from  an  authentication agent such as This can also be specified
on a per-host basis in a configuration  file.   Agent  forwarding
should be enabled with caution.  Users with the ability to bypass
file  permissions on the remote host (for the agent's socket) can
access the local agent through the forwarded connection.  An  at‐
tacker  cannot  obtain  key material from the agent, however they
can perform operations on the keys that enable them to  authenti‐
cate  using the identities loaded into the agent.  A safer alter‐
native may be to use a jump host (see Disables forwarding of  the
authentication  agent  connection.  Bind to the address of before
attempting to connect to the destination host.  This is only use‐
ful on systems with more than one address.  Use on the local  ma‐
chine  as  the  source address of the connection.  Only useful on
systems with more than one address.  Requests compression of  all
data  (including  stdin,  stdout,  stderr, and data for forwarded
X11, TCP and connections).  The compression algorithm is the same
used by Compression is desirable on modem lines  and  other  slow
connections,  but  will  only  slow down things on fast networks.
The default value can be set on a host-by-host basis in the  con‐
figuration files; see the option in Selects the cipher specifica‐
tion  for  encrypting  the session.  is a comma-separated list of
ciphers listed in order of preference.  See the  keyword  in  for
more  information.  Specifies a local application-level port for‐
warding.  This works by allocating a socket to listen to  on  the
local  side, optionally bound to the specified Whenever a connec‐
tion is made to this port, the connection is forwarded  over  the
secure  channel, and the application protocol is then used to de‐
termine where to connect to from the remote  machine.   Currently
the  SOCKS4 and SOCKS5 protocols are supported, and will act as a
SOCKS server.  Only root can forward privileged  ports.   Dynamic
port forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file.
IPv6  addresses  can  be  specified  by  enclosing the address in
square brackets.   Only  the  superuser  can  forward  privileged
ports.   By  default,  the local port is bound in accordance with
the setting.  However, an explicit may be used to bind  the  con‐
nection to a specific address.  The of indicates that the listen‐
ing  port  be bound for local use only, while an empty address or
indicates that the port should be available from all  interfaces.
Append  debug logs to instead of standard error.  Sets the escape
character for sessions with a pty (default: The escape  character
is  only recognized at the beginning of a line.  The escape char‐
acter followed by a dot closes the connection; followed  by  con‐
trol-Z  suspends the connection; and followed by itself sends the
escape character once.  Setting the character to disables any es‐
capes and makes the session fully transparent.  Specifies an  al‐
ternative  per-user  configuration file.  If a configuration file
is given on the command line, the system-wide configuration  file
will be ignored.  The default for the per-user configuration file
is If set to no configuration files will be read.  Requests to go
to  background  just before command execution.  This is useful if
is going to ask for passwords or passphrases, but the user  wants
it  in the background.  This implies The recommended way to start
X11 programs at a remote site is with something like If the  con‐
figuration  option is set to then a client started with will wait
for all remote port forwards to be successfully  established  be‐
fore  placing itself in the background.  Refer to the description
of in for details.  Causes to print its configuration after eval‐
uating and blocks and exit.  Allows remote hosts  to  connect  to
local forwarded ports.  If used on a multiplexed connection, then
this option must be specified on the master process.  Specify the
PKCS#11  shared  library should use to communicate with a PKCS#11
token providing keys for user  authentication.   Selects  a  file
from  which the identity (private key) for public key authentica‐
tion is read.  You can also specify a public key file to use  the
corresponding  private key that is loaded in when the private key
file is not present locally.  The default is and  Identity  files
may  also  be  specified on a per-host basis in the configuration
file.  It is possible to  have  multiple  options  (and  multiple
identities specified in configuration files).  If no certificates
have been explicitly specified by the directive, will also try to
load  certificate  information  from the filename obtained by ap‐
pending to identity filenames.  Connect to  the  target  host  by
first making an connection to the jump host described by and then
establishing  a  TCP  forwarding to the ultimate destination from
there.  Multiple jump hops may be specified  separated  by  comma
characters.  IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing the ad‐
dress  in  square brackets.  This is a shortcut to specify a con‐
figuration directive.  Note that  configuration  directives  sup‐
plied on the command-line generally apply to the destination host
and  not  any specified jump hosts.  Use to specify configuration
for jump hosts.  Enables GSSAPI-based authentication and forward‐
ing (delegation) of GSSAPI credentials to the  server.   Disables
forwarding  (delegation)  of  GSSAPI  credentials  to the server.
Specifies that connections to the given TCP port or  Unix  socket
on  the local (client) host are to be forwarded to the given host
and port, or Unix socket, on the remote side.  This works by  al‐
locating  a  socket  to listen to either a TCP on the local side,
optionally bound to the specified or to a Unix socket.   Whenever
a  connection is made to the local port or socket, the connection
is forwarded over the secure channel, and a connection is made to
either port or the Unix socket from  the  remote  machine.   Port
forwardings  can  also  be  specified  in the configuration file.
Only the superuser can forward privileged ports.  IPv6  addresses
can be specified by enclosing the address in square brackets.  By
default,  the local port is bound in accordance with the setting.
However, an explicit may be used to bind the connection to a spe‐
cific address.  The of indicates that the listening port be bound
for local use only, while an empty address or indicates that  the
port should be available from all interfaces.  Specifies the user
to  log  in as on the remote machine.  This also may be specified
on a per-host basis in the configuration file.  Places the client
into mode for connection sharing.  Multiple options  places  into
mode  but  with confirmation required using before each operation
that changes the multiplexing state (e.g. opening a new session).
Refer to the description of in for  details.   A  comma-separated
list  of  MAC (message authentication code) algorithms, specified
in order of preference.  See the keyword in for more information.
Do not execute a remote command.  This is useful  for  just  for‐
warding  ports.   Refer  to  the  description  of in for details.
Redirects stdin from (actually,  prevents  reading  from  stdin).
This  must be used when is run in the background.  A common trick
is to use this to run X11 programs on a remote machine.  For  ex‐
ample, will start an emacs on shadows.cs.hut.fi, and the X11 con‐
nection  will  be automatically forwarded over an encrypted chan‐
nel.  The program will be put in the background.  (This does  not
work  if  needs to ask for a password or passphrase; see also the
option.)  Refer to the description of in for details.  Control an
active connection multiplexing master process.  When  the  option
is  specified, the argument is interpreted and passed to the mas‐
ter process.  Valid commands are: (check that the master  process
is  running),  (request  forwardings  without command execution),
(cancel forwardings), (connect to a running  multiplexing  master
in  proxy  mode),  (request the master to exit), and (request the
master to stop accepting further multiplexing requests).  Can  be
used  to  give  options  in  the format used in the configuration
file.  This is useful for specifying options for which  there  is
no  separate  command-line flag.  For full details of the options
listed below, and their possible values, see Specify a  tag  name
that may be used to select configuration in Refer to the and key‐
words  in for more information.  Port to connect to on the remote
host.  This can be specified on a per-host basis in the  configu‐
ration  file.  Queries for the algorithms supported by one of the
following features:  (supported  symmetric  ciphers),  (supported
symmetric  ciphers  that support authenticated encryption), (sup‐
ported query terms for use with the flag), (supported message in‐
tegrity codes), (key exchange algorithms), (GSSAPI  key  exchange
algorithms), (key types), (valid CA signature algorithms for cer‐
tificates), (certificate key types), (non-certificate key types),
(all key types and signature algorithms), (supported SSH protocol
versions),  and (supported signature algorithms).  Alternatively,
any keyword from or that takes an algorithm list may be  used  as
an alias for the corresponding query_option.  Quiet mode.  Causes
most warning and diagnostic messages to be suppressed.  Specifies
that  connections to the given TCP port or Unix socket on the re‐
mote (server) host are to be forwarded to the local  side.   This
works  by  allocating  a socket to listen to either a TCP or to a
Unix socket on the remote side.  Whenever a connection is made to
this port or Unix socket, the connection is  forwarded  over  the
secure  channel,  and a connection is made from the local machine
to either an explicit destination specified by port or or, if  no
explicit destination was specified, will act as a SOCKS 4/5 proxy
and  forward connections to the destinations requested by the re‐
mote SOCKS client.  Port forwardings can also be specified in the
configuration file.  Privileged ports can be forwarded only  when
logging  in as root on the remote machine.  IPv6 addresses can be
specified by enclosing the address in square  brackets.   By  de‐
fault,  TCP  listening sockets on the server will be bound to the
loopback interface only.  This may be overridden by specifying  a
An  empty  or the address indicates that the remote socket should
listen on all interfaces.  Specifying a remote will only  succeed
if  the  server's  option  is enabled (see If the argument is the
listen port will be dynamically allocated on the server  and  re‐
ported  to  the  client at run time.  When used together with the
allocated port will be printed to the standard output.  Specifies
the location of a control socket for connection sharing,  or  the
string  to  disable connection sharing.  Refer to the description
of and in for details.  May be used to request  invocation  of  a
subsystem on the remote system.  Subsystems facilitate the use of
SSH  as  a secure transport for other applications (e.g. The sub‐
system is specified as the remote command.  Refer to the descrip‐
tion of in  for  details.   Disable  pseudo-terminal  allocation.
Force  pseudo-terminal  allocation.   This can be used to execute
arbitrary screen-based programs on a remote machine, which can be
very useful, e.g. when implementing menu services.  Multiple  op‐
tions  force  tty  allocation, even if has no local tty.  Display
the version number and exit.  Verbose mode.  Causes to print  de‐
bugging  messages  about its progress.  This is helpful in debug‐
ging  connection,  authentication,  and  configuration  problems.
Multiple  options increase the verbosity.  The maximum is 3.  Re‐
quests that standard input and output on the client be  forwarded
to  on  over the secure channel.  Implies and though these can be
overridden in the configuration file or using  command  line  op‐
tions.   Requests tunnel device forwarding with the specified de‐
vices between the client and the server The devices may be speci‐
fied by numerical ID or the keyword which uses the next available
tunnel device.  If is not specified, it defaults to See also  the
and  directives  in  If the directive is unset, it will be set to
the default tunnel mode, which is If a different forwarding  mode
it  desired,  then it should be specified before Enables X11 for‐
warding.  This can also be specified on a  per-host  basis  in  a
configuration  file.   X11 forwarding should be enabled with cau‐
tion.  Users with the ability to bypass file permissions  on  the
remote  host (for the user's X authorization database) can access
the local X11 display through the forwarded connection.   An  at‐
tacker  may  then be able to perform activities such as keystroke
monitoring.  For this reason, X11 forwarding is subjected to  X11
SECURITY  extension restrictions by default.  Refer to the option
and the directive in for more information.  Disables X11 forward‐
ing.  Enables trusted X11 forwarding.   Trusted  X11  forwardings
are  not  subjected to the X11 SECURITY extension controls.  Send
log information using the system module.  By default this  infor‐
mation  is sent to stderr.  may additionally obtain configuration
data from a per-user configuration file and a system-wide config‐
uration file.  The file format and configuration options are  de‐
scribed  in  The OpenSSH SSH client supports SSH protocol 2.  The
methods available for authentication are: GSSAPI-based  authenti‐
cation,  host-based  authentication,  public  key authentication,
keyboard-interactive authentication, and password authentication.
Authentication methods are tried in the  order  specified  above,
though  can  be used to change the default order.  Host-based au‐
thentication works as follows: If the machine the  user  logs  in
from  is listed in or on the remote machine, the user is non-root
and the user names are the same on both sides, or if the files or
exist in the user's home directory on the remote machine and con‐
tain a line containing the name of the  client  machine  and  the
name  of the user on that machine, the user is considered for lo‐
gin.  Additionally, the server be able  to  verify  the  client's
host  key (see the description of and below) for login to be per‐
mitted.  This authentication method closes security holes due  to
IP  spoofing,  DNS  spoofing, and routing spoofing.  [Note to the
administrator: and the rlogin/rsh protocol in general, are inher‐
ently insecure and should be disabled if  security  is  desired.]
Public  key  authentication works as follows: The scheme is based
on public-key cryptography, using cryptosystems where  encryption
and decryption are done using separate keys, and it is unfeasible
to  derive  the decryption key from the encryption key.  The idea
is that each user creates a public/private key pair for authenti‐
cation purposes.  The server knows the public key, and  only  the
user knows the private key.  implements public key authentication
protocol  automatically,  using  one of the ECDSA, Ed25519 or RSA
algorithms.  The file lists the public keys  that  are  permitted
for  logging  in.   When  the user logs in, the program tells the
server which key pair it would like to  use  for  authentication.
The  client  proves that it has access to the private key and the
server checks that the corresponding public key is authorized  to
accept  the  account.  The server may inform the client of errors
that prevented public key authentication  from  succeeding  after
authentication  completes using a different method.  These may be
viewed by increasing the to or higher (e.g. by using  the  flag).
The  user  creates their key pair by running This stores the pri‐
vate key in (ECDSA), (Ed25519), or (RSA) and  stores  the  public
key in (ECDSA), (Ed25519), or (RSA) in the user's home directory.
The  user should then copy the public key to in their home direc‐
tory on the remote machine.  The file corresponds to the  conven‐
tional  file,  and  has one key per line, though the lines can be
very long.  After this, the user can log in  without  giving  the
password.   A variation on public key authentication is available
in the form of certificate authentication: instead of  a  set  of
public/private  keys, signed certificates are used.  This has the
advantage that a single trusted certification  authority  can  be
used  in place of many public/private keys.  See the CERTIFICATES
section of for more information.  The most convenient way to  use
public key or certificate authentication may be with an authenti‐
cation agent.  See and (optionally) the directive in for more in‐
formation.  Keyboard-interactive authentication works as follows:
The  server  sends  an arbitrary text and prompts for a response,
possibly multiple times.  Examples  of  keyboard-interactive  au‐
thentication  include Authentication (see and PAM (some systems).
Finally, if other authentication methods fail, prompts  the  user
for  a  password.   The  password  is sent to the remote host for
checking; however, since all communications  are  encrypted,  the
password cannot be seen by someone listening on the network.  au‐
tomatically  maintains and checks a database containing identifi‐
cation for all hosts it has ever been used with.  Host  keys  are
stored  in  in the user's home directory.  Additionally, the file
is automatically checked for known hosts.  Any new hosts are  au‐
tomatically added to the user's file.  If a host's identification
ever  changes, warns about this and disables password authentica‐
tion to prevent server  spoofing  or  man-in-the-middle  attacks,
which  could otherwise be used to circumvent the encryption.  The
option can be used to control logins to machines whose  host  key
is  not  known or has changed.  When the user's identity has been
accepted by the server, the server either executes the given com‐
mand in a non-interactive session or,  if  no  command  has  been
specified,  logs  into  the  machine  and gives the user a normal
shell as an interactive session.  All communication with the  re‐
mote command or shell will be automatically encrypted.  If an in‐
teractive  session  is  requested, by default will only request a
pseudo-terminal (pty) for interactive sessions  when  the  client
has  one.   The flags and can be used to override this behaviour.
If a pseudo-terminal has been allocated, the user may use the es‐
cape characters noted below.  If no pseudo-terminal has been  al‐
located,  the  session is transparent and can be used to reliably
transfer binary data.  On most systems, setting the escape  char‐
acter  to will also make the session transparent even if a tty is
used.  The session terminates when the command or  shell  on  the
remote  machine  exits  and all X11 and TCP connections have been
closed.  When a pseudo-terminal has been  requested,  supports  a
number  of  functions  through the use of an escape character.  A
single tilde character can be sent as or by following  the  tilde
by  a  character  other  than  those described below.  The escape
character must always follow a newline to be interpreted as  spe‐
cial.  The escape character can be changed in configuration files
using  the  configuration directive or on the command line by the
option.  The supported escapes (assuming the default are: Discon‐
nect.  Background List forwarded connections.  Background at  lo‐
gout when waiting for forwarded connection / X11 sessions to ter‐
minate.   Display  a  list of escape characters.  Send a BREAK to
the remote system (only useful if the peer  supports  it).   Open
command  line.   Currently  this allows the addition of port for‐
wardings using the and options (see above).  It also  allows  the
cancellation of existing port-forwardings with for local, for re‐
mote  and  for dynamic port-forwardings.  allows the user to exe‐
cute a local command if the option is enabled in  Basic  help  is
available,  using the option.  Request rekeying of the connection
(only useful if the peer supports it).   Decrease  the  verbosity
when  errors are being written to stderr.  Increase the verbosity
when errors are being written to stderr.  Forwarding of arbitrary
TCP connections over a secure channel can be specified either  on
the command line or in a configuration file.  One possible appli‐
cation of TCP forwarding is a secure connection to a mail server;
another  is  going  through  firewalls.  In the example below, we
look at encrypting communication for an IRC client,  even  though
the IRC server it connects to does not directly support encrypted
communication.   This  works as follows: the user connects to the
remote host using specifying the ports to be used to forward  the
connection.   After  that it is possible to start the program lo‐
cally, and will encrypt and forward the connection to the  remote
server.   The  following  example tunnels an IRC session from the
client to an IRC server at joining  channel  nickname  using  the
standard   IRC  port,  6667:  $  ssh  -f  -L  6667:localhost:6667
server.example.com sleep 10 $ irc -c '#users' pinky IRC/127.0.0.1
The option backgrounds and the remote command is specified to al‐
low an amount of time (10 seconds, in the example) to  start  the
program  which is going to use the tunnel.  If no connections are
made within the time specified, will exit.  If  the  variable  is
set  to (or see the description of the and options above) and the
user is using X11 (the environment variable is set), the  connec‐
tion  to the X11 display is automatically forwarded to the remote
side in such a way that any X11 programs started from  the  shell
(or  command) will go through the encrypted channel, and the con‐
nection to the real X server will be made from the local machine.
The user should not manually set Forwarding  of  X11  connections
can  be configured on the command line or in configuration files.
The value set by will point to the server  machine,  but  with  a
display  number  greater  than zero.  This is normal, and happens
because creates a X server on the server machine  for  forwarding
the  connections over the encrypted channel.  will also automati‐
cally set up Xauthority data on the  server  machine.   For  this
purpose, it will generate a random authorization cookie, store it
in  Xauthority  on the server, and verify that any forwarded con‐
nections carry this cookie and replace it by the real cookie when
the connection is opened.   The  real  authentication  cookie  is
never  sent to the server machine (and no cookies are sent in the
plain).  If the variable is set to (or see the description of the
and options above) and the user is using an authentication agent,
the connection to the agent is automatically forwarded to the re‐
mote side.  When connecting to a server for  the  first  time,  a
fingerprint  of  the server's public key is presented to the user
(unless the option has been disabled).  Fingerprints can  be  de‐
termined  using  If  the  fingerprint is already known, it can be
matched and the key can be accepted or rejected.  If only  legacy
(MD5)  fingerprints  for the server are available, the option may
be used to downgrade the fingerprint algorithm to match.  Because
of the difficulty of comparing host keys just by looking at  fin‐
gerprint  strings, there is also support to compare host keys vi‐
sually, using By setting the option to a small ASCII graphic gets
displayed on every login to a server, no matter  if  the  session
itself  is  interactive  or not.  By learning the pattern a known
server produces, a user can easily find out that the host key has
changed when a completely different pattern  is  displayed.   Be‐
cause  these patterns are not unambiguous however, a pattern that
looks similar to the pattern remembered only gives a good  proba‐
bility  that  the host key is the same, not guaranteed proof.  To
get a listing of the fingerprints along with their random art for
all known hosts, the following command line can be used:  If  the
fingerprint  is unknown, an alternative method of verification is
available: SSH fingerprints verified by DNS.  An  additional  re‐
source  record  (RR),  SSHFP, is added to a zonefile and the con‐
necting client is able to match the fingerprint with that of  the
key  presented.  In this example, we are connecting a client to a
server, The SSHFP resource records should first be added  to  the
zonefile  for host.example.com: $ ssh-keygen -r host.example.com.
The output lines will have to be added to the zonefile.  To check
that the zone  is  answering  fingerprint  queries:  Finally  the
client connects: $ ssh -o "VerifyHostKeyDNS ask" host.example.com
[...]   Matching host key fingerprint found in DNS.  Are you sure
you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?  See the option in  for
more  information.   contains support for Virtual Private Network
(VPN) tunnelling using the network  pseudo-device,  allowing  two
networks  to  be  joined securely.  The configuration option con‐
trols whether the server supports this, and at what level  (layer
2 or 3 traffic).  The following example would connect client net‐
work 10.0.50.0/24 with remote network 10.0.99.0/24 using a point-
to-point  connection from 10.1.1.1 to 10.1.1.2, provided that the
SSH server running on the  gateway  to  the  remote  network,  at
192.168.1.15,  allows  it.   On  the  client:  #  ssh  -f  -w 0:1
192.168.1.15 true  #  ifconfig  tun0  10.1.1.1  10.1.1.2  netmask
255.255.255.252  # route add 10.0.99.0/24 10.1.1.2 On the server:
# ifconfig tun1 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.252 # route
add 10.0.50.0/24 10.1.1.1 Client access may be more finely  tuned
via  the  file  (see below) and the server option.  The following
entry would permit connections on device 1 from user and  on  tun
device  2 from user if is set to tunnel="1",command="sh /etc/net‐
start tun1" ssh-rsa ... jane tunnel="2",command="sh /etc/netstart
tun2" ssh-rsa ... john Since an SSH-based setup  entails  a  fair
amount  of  overhead,  it may be more suited to temporary setups,
such as for wireless VPNs.  More permanent VPNs are  better  pro‐
vided  by tools such as and will normally set the following envi‐
ronment variables: The variable indicates the location of the X11
server.  It is automatically set by to point to a  value  of  the
form where indicates the host where the shell runs, and is an in‐
teger   1.   uses  this  special value to forward X11 connections
over the secure channel.  The user should normally  not  set  ex‐
plicitly,  as  that  will render the X11 connection insecure (and
will require the user to manually copy any required authorization
cookies).  Set to the path of the user's home directory.  Synonym
for set for compatibility with systems that  use  this  variable.
Set  to  the  path  of the user's mailbox.  Set to the default as
specified when compiling If needs a passphrase, it will read  the
passphrase  from the current terminal if it was run from a termi‐
nal.  If does not have a terminal associated with it but and  are
set,  it  will  execute  the program specified by and open an X11
window to read the passphrase.  This is particularly useful  when
calling from a or related script.  (Note that on some machines it
may  be  necessary to redirect the input from to make this work.)
Allows further control over the use of an  askpass  program.   If
this  variable  is set to then will never attempt to use one.  If
it is set to then will prefer to use the askpass program  instead
of  the  TTY when requesting passwords.  Finally, if the variable
is set  to  then  the  askpass  program  will  be  used  for  all
passphrase  input  regardless  of whether is set.  Identifies the
path of a socket used to communicate with the agent.   Identifies
the  client and server ends of the connection.  The variable con‐
tains four space-separated values: client IP address, client port
number, server IP address, and server port number.  This variable
contains the original command line if a forced  command  is  exe‐
cuted.   It  can be used to extract the original arguments.  This
is set to the name of the tty (path  to  the  device)  associated
with the current shell or command.  If the current session has no
tty,  this variable is not set.  Optionally set by to contain the
interface names assigned if tunnel forwarding  was  requested  by
the  client.  Optionally set by this variable may contain a path‐
name to a file that lists the authentication methods successfully
used when the session was established, including any public  keys
that  were  used.   This  variable is set to indicate the present
time zone if it was set when the daemon  was  started  (i.e.  the
daemon  passes the value on to new connections).  Set to the name
of the user logging in.  Additionally, reads and  adds  lines  of
the  format  to  the environment if the file exists and users are
allowed to change their environment.  For more  information,  see
the  option  in  This  file is used for host-based authentication
(see above).  On some machines this file may need  to  be  world-
readable if the user's home directory is on an NFS partition, be‐
cause reads it as root.  Additionally, this file must be owned by
the  user,  and  must not have write permissions for anyone else.
The recommended permission for most machines  is  read/write  for
the user, and not accessible by others.  This file is used in ex‐
actly  the same way as but allows host-based authentication with‐
out permitting login with rlogin/rsh.  This directory is the  de‐
fault  location for all user-specific configuration and authenti‐
cation information.  There is no general requirement to keep  the
entire  contents  of  this  directory secret, but the recommended
permissions are read/write/execute for the user, and not accessi‐
ble by others.  Lists the public keys (ECDSA, Ed25519, RSA)  that
can be used for logging in as this user.  The format of this file
is  described in the manual page.  This file is not highly sensi‐
tive, but the recommended  permissions  are  read/write  for  the
user, and not accessible by others.  This is the per-user config‐
uration  file.  The file format and configuration options are de‐
scribed in Because of the potential for  abuse,  this  file  must
have  strict  permissions:  read/write  for  the  user,  and  not
writable by others.  Contains additional definitions for environ‐
ment variables; see above.  Contains the private key for  authen‐
tication.  These files contain sensitive data and should be read‐
able  by  the  user but not accessible by others (read/write/exe‐
cute).  will simply ignore a private key file if it is accessible
by others.  It is possible to specify a passphrase when  generat‐
ing  the  key which will be used to encrypt the sensitive part of
this file using AES-128.  Contains the public key for authentica‐
tion.  These files are not sensitive and can (but  need  not)  be
readable  by  anyone.  Contains a list of host keys for all hosts
the user has logged into that are not already in  the  systemwide
list  of  known host keys.  See for further details of the format
of this file.  Commands in this file are  executed  by  when  the
user  logs  in,  just  before  the  user's  shell (or command) is
started.  See the manual page for more information.  This file is
for host-based authentication (see above).   It  should  only  be
writable  by  root.  This file is used in exactly the same way as
but allows host-based  authentication  without  permitting  login
with rlogin/rsh.  Systemwide configuration file.  The file format
and  configuration  options  are described in These files contain
the private parts of the host keys and are  used  for  host-based
authentication.   Systemwide  list of known host keys.  This file
should be prepared by the system  administrator  to  contain  the
public  host keys of all machines in the organization.  It should
be world-readable.  See for further details of the format of this
file.  Commands in this file are executed by when the  user  logs
in,  just  before  the user's shell (or command) is started.  See
the manual page for more information.  exits with the exit status
of the remote command or with 255 if an error occurred.

See for descriptions of the following attributes:

box; cbp-1 | cbp-1 l | l .   ATTRIBUTE  TYPE  ATTRIBUTE  VALUE  =
Availability    network/ssh = Stability       Pass-through uncom‐
mitted  OpenSSH  is  a  derivative  of  the original and free ssh
1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen.  Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck,  Markus
Friedl,  Niels  Provos,  Theo  de Raadt and Dug Song removed many
bugs, re-added newer features and created OpenSSH.  Markus Friedl
contributed the support for SSH protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0.



Source code for open source software components in Oracle Solaris
can be found  at  https://www.oracle.com/downloads/opensource/so‐
laris-source-code-downloads.html.

This software was built from source available at:
https://github.com/oracle/solaris-userland

The original community source was downloaded from:
https://mir‐
rors.sonic.net/pub/OpenBSD/OpenSSH/portable/openssh-10.2p1.tar.gz

Further  information about this software can be found on the open
source community website at https://www.openssh.com/.




























































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