svcadm(8)을 검색하려면 섹션에서 8 을 선택하고, 맨 페이지 이름에 svcadm을 입력하고 검색을 누른다.
init(8)
init(8) System Administration Commands init(8)
NAME
init - process control initialization
SYNOPSIS
/usr/sbin/init [-c comment] [0123456abcQqSs]
DESCRIPTION
init is the default primordial user process. (Options given to the ker‐
nel during boot may result in the invocation of an alternative primor‐
dial user process, as described on kernel(8)). init initiates the core
components of the service management facility, svc.configd(8) and
svc.startd(8), and restarts these components if they fail. For backward
compatibility, init also starts and restarts general processes accord‐
ing to /etc/inittab, as described below.
The run levels and system booting descriptions given below are provided
for compatibility purposes only, and otherwise made obsolete by the
service management facility, smf(7).
init Failure
If init exits for any reason other than system shutdown, it will be
restarted with process-ID 1.
Run Level Defined
At any given time, the system is in one of eight possible run levels. A
run level is a software configuration under which only a selected group
of processes exists. Processes spawned by init for each of these run
levels are defined in /etc/inittab. init can be in one of eight run
levels, 0-6 and S or s (S and s are identical). The run level changes
when a privileged user runs /usr/sbin/init.
init and System Booting
When the system is booted, init is invoked and the following occurs.
First, it reads the properties for the svc:/system/environment:init
service. Among these properties are values for locale-related environ‐
ment variables, such as LANG or LC_CTYPE. init then looks in /etc/init‐
tab for the initdefault entry (see inittab(5)). If the initdefault en‐
try:
exists
init usually uses the run level specified in that entry as the ini‐
tial run level to enter only if the options/milestone property has
not been specified for svc.startd(8).
does not exist
The service management facility, smf(7), examines its configuration
specified in svc.startd(8), and enters the milestone specified by
the options/milestone property.
The initdefault entry in /etc/inittab corresponds to the following run
levels:
S or s
init goes to the single-user state. In this state, the system con‐
sole device (/dev/console) is opened for reading and writing and
the sulogin(8) command is invoked. Use init to change the run level
of the system. Note that if the shell is terminated (using an end-
of-file), init only re-initializes to the single-user state if
/etc/inittab does not exist.
0-6
init enters the corresponding run level. Run levels 0, 5, and 6 are
reserved states for shutting the system down. Run levels 2, 3, and
4 are available as multi-user operating states.
If this is the first time since power up that init has entered a run
level other than single-user state, init first scans /etc/inittab for
boot and bootwait entries (see inittab(5)). These entries are performed
before any other processing of /etc/inittab takes place, providing that
the run level entered matches that of the entry. In this way any spe‐
cial initialization of the operating system, such as mounting file sys‐
tems, can take place before users are allowed onto the system. init
then scans /etc/inittab and executes all other entries that are to be
processed for that run level.
To spawn each process in /etc/inittab, init reads each entry and for
each entry that should be respawned, it forks a child process. After it
has spawned all of the processes specified by /etc/inittab, init waits
for one of its descendant processes to die, a powerfail signal, or a
signal from another init process to change the system's run level. When
one of these conditions occurs, init re-examines /etc/inittab.
inittab Additions
New entries can be added to /etc/inittab at any time; however, init
still waits for one of the above three conditions to occur before re-
examining /etc/inittab. To get around this, init Q or init q command
wakes init to re-examine /etc/inittab immediately.
When init comes up at boot time and whenever the system changes from
the single-user state to another run state, init sets the ioctl(2)
states of the console to those modes saved in the file
/etc/ioctl.syscon. init writes this file whenever the single-user state
is entered.
Run Level Changes
When a run level change request is made, init or a designate sends the
warning signal (SIGTERM) to all processes that are undefined in the
target run level. A minimum interval of five seconds is observed before
init or its designate forcibly terminates these processes by sending a
kill signal (SIGKILL). Additionally, init informs svc.startd(8) that
the run level is changing. svc.startd(8) then restricts the system to
the set of services which the milestone corresponding to the run-level
change depends on.
When init receives a signal telling it that a process it spawned has
died, it records the fact and the reason it died in /var/adm/utmpx and
/var/adm/wtmpx if it exists (see who(1)). A history of the processes
spawned is kept in /var/adm/wtmpx.
If init receives a powerfail signal (SIGPWR) it scans /etc/inittab for
special entries of the type powerfail and powerwait. These entries are
invoked (if the run levels permit) before any further processing takes
place. In this way init can perform various cleanup and recording func‐
tions during the powerdown of the operating system.
Setting Environment Variables
You can set default values for environment variables, for such items as
time zone and character formatting, in the list of properties for the
svc:/system/environment:init service. See environ(7) for definitions of
commonly used environment variables.
SECURITY
init uses pam(3PAM) for session management. The PAM configuration pol‐
icy, configured in either /etc/pam.conf or per-service files in
/etc/pam.d/, specifies the session management module to be used for
init. Here is a partial pam.conf file with entries for init using the
UNIX session management module.
init session required pam_unix_session.so.1
The equivalent PAM configuration using /etc/pam.d/ would be the follow‐
ing entry in /etc/pam.d/init:
session required pam_unix_session.so.1
If there are no entries for the init service in /etc/pam.conf and no
/etc/pam.d/init file exists, then the entries for the "other" service
in /etc/pam.conf will be used. If there are not any entries in
/etc/pam.conf for the "other" service, then the entries in
/etc/pam.d/other will be used.
OPTIONS
-c comment
Include the supplied comment in any messages logged and as much of
the comment as will fit into the wtmpx record. The comment needs to
be quoted according to the shell's quoting rules.
0
Go into firmware.
1
Put the system in system administrator mode. All local file systems
are mounted. Only a small set of essential kernel processes are
left running. This mode is for administrative tasks such as in‐
stalling optional utility packages. All files are accessible and no
users are logged in on the system.
This request corresponds to a request for smf(7) to restrict the
system milestone to svc:/milestone/single-user:default.
2
Put the system in multi-user mode. All multi-user environment ter‐
minal processes and daemons are spawned. This state is commonly re‐
ferred to as the multi-user state.
This request corresponds to a request for smf(7) to restrict the
system milestone to svc:/milestone/multi-user:default.
3
Extend multi-user mode by making local resources available over the
network.
This request corresponds to a request for smf(7) to restrict the
system milestone to svc:/milestone/multi-user-server:default.
4
Is available to be defined as an alternative multi-user environment
configuration. It is not necessary for system operation and is usu‐
ally not used.
5
Shut the machine down so that it is safe to remove the power. Have
the machine remove power, if possible.
6
Stop the operating system and reboot to the state defined by the
initdefault entry in /etc/inittab.
The service svc:/system/boot-config:default is enabled by default.
When the config/fastreboot_default property is set to true, init 6
will bypass certain firmware initialization and test steps, depend‐
ing on the specific capabilities of the system.
a,b,c
Process only those /etc/inittab entries having the a, b, or c run
level set. These are pseudo-states, which may be defined to run
certain commands, but which do not cause the current run level to
change.
Q,q
Re-examine /etc/inittab.
S, s
Enter single-user mode. This is the only run level that doesn't re‐
quire the existence of a properly formatted /etc/inittab file. If
this file does not exist, then by default, the only legal run level
that init can enter is the single-user mode. When in single-user
mode, the filesystems required for basic system operation will be
mounted. When the system comes down to single-user mode, these file
systems will remain mounted (even if provided by a remote file
server), and any other local filesystems will also be left mounted.
During the transition down to single-user mode, all processes
started by init or init.d scripts that should only be running in
multi-user mode are killed. In addition, any process that has a
utmpx entry will be killed. This last condition ensures that all
port monitors started by the SAC are killed and all services
started by these port monitors, including ttymon login services,
are killed.
This request corresponds to a request for smf(7) to restrict the
system milestone to svc:/milestone/single-user:default.
FILES
/dev/console
System console device.
/etc/default/init
This file is Obsolete and might be removed in a future release. In‐
stead of obtaining values from this file, the init process reads
properties for the svc:/system/environment:init service. To make
changes that were formerly made by editing /etc/default/init, an
administrator with the System Administrator or System Configuration
rights profile can set the corresponding properties of the init
service instance and refresh the instance.
This read-only file contains environment variables and their de‐
fault values. The variables are:
TZ
Always set to localtime. To set the system time zone, see the
TZ entry in environ(7).
CMASK
The mask (see umask(1)) that init uses and that every process
inherits from the init process. If not set, init uses the mask
it inherits from the kernel. Note that init always attempts to
apply a umask of 022 before creating a file, regardless of the
setting of CMASK.
LC_CTYPE
Character characterization information
LC_MESSAGES
Message translation
LC_MONETARY
Monetary formatting information
LC_NUMERIC
Numeric formatting information
LC_TIME
Time formatting information
LC_ALL
If set, all other LC_* environmental variables take-on this
value.
LANG
If LC_ALL is not set, and any particular LC_* is also not set,
the value of LANG is used for that particular environmental
variable.
/etc/inittab
Controls process dispatching by init.
/etc/ioctl.syscon
ioctl states of the console, as saved by init when single-user
state is entered.
/etc/svc/volatile/init.state
init state necessary to recover from failure.
/var/adm/utmpx
User access and administration information.
/var/adm/wtmpx
History of user access and administration information.
/var/run/initpipe
A named pipe used for internal communication.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(7) for descriptions of the following attributes:
tab() box; cw(2.75i) |cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) |lw(2.75i) ATTRIBUTE TYPEAT‐
TRIBUTE VALUE _ Availabilitysystem/core-os
SEE ALSO
login(1), sh(1), stty(1), who(1), ioctl(2), kill(2), ctime(3C),
pam(3PAM), termio(4I), init.d(5), inittab(5), pam.conf(5), utmpx(5),
attributes(7), environ(7), pam_unix_session(7), smf(7), kernel(8),
shutdown(8), sulogin(8), svc.configd(8), svc.startd(8), sysadm(8),
ttymon(8)
DIAGNOSTICS
If init finds that it is respawning an entry from /etc/inittab more
than ten times in two minutes, it assumes that there is an error in the
command string in the entry and generates an error message on the sys‐
tem console. It then refuses to respawn this entry until either five
minutes has elapsed or it receives a signal from a user-spawned init
command. This prevents init from eating up system resources when some‐
one makes a typographical error in the inittab file, or a program is
removed that is referenced in /etc/inittab.
NOTES
init can be run only by a privileged user.
The S or s state must not be used indiscriminately in /etc/inittab.
When modifying this file, it is best to avoid adding this state to any
line other than initdefault.
If a default state is not specified in the initdefault entry in
/etc/inittab, state 6 is entered. Consequently, the system will loop by
going to firmware and rebooting continuously.
If the utmpx file cannot be created when booting the system, the system
will boot to state "s" regardless of the state specified in the initde‐
fault entry in /etc/inittab. This can occur if the /var file system is
not accessible.
When a system transitions down to run level 1 or single user (run level
S or s), the /etc/nologin file (see nologin(5)) is created. Upon subse‐
quent transition to run level 2, 3, or 4 (multi-user state), the
/etc/nologin file is removed.
init uses /var/run/initpipe, a named pipe, for internal communication.
When you shut down an image, services are shut down in reverse depen‐
dency order.
Transition to run levels 0, 5, or 6 may be blocked if an admin has used
sysadm(8) to place the system into a noreboot maintenance mode, or if
the config/noreboot property is set to true on the svc:/system/boot-
config SMF service.
HISTORY
The init daemon has always been run with process id 1 in the global
zone, or on systems without zones. In non-global zones, the init daemon
for that zone was identified with a process id other than 1 before Ora‐
cle Solaris 11.4.81. Starting in Solaris 11.4.81, the init daemon for a
zone will always show as process id 1 when viewed from within the zone.
When the parent process of a process exits or is killed, the child
process is assigned the init daemon as its parent process. Prior to Or‐
acle Solaris 11.4.66, this was always the global zone's init daemon,
process id 1. Starting in Solaris 11.4.66, orphaned processes in non-
global zones have their parent process set to the non-global zone's
init daemon, which may have a process id other than 1 in releases prior
to 11.4.81, as described above.
The ability to block certain run level changes with the sysadm maintain
command was added in Oracle Solaris 11.4.63.
Support for the -c option to provide a comment for run-level changes
was added in Oracle Solaris 11.4.63.
The TZ environment variable was removed from the default /etc/de‐
fault/init file in Oracle Solaris 11.4.0.
The /etc/default/init file was replaced by the svc:/system/environ‐
ment:init service properties in Oracle Solaris 11.0.0.
The TZ environment variable was changed to the value of localtime in
the default /etc/default/init file in Oracle Solaris 11.0.0.
Management of system services was migrated from init to the service
management facility, smf(7), in Solaris 10 3/05.
Support for run levels and /etc/inittab was added to Solaris in Solaris
2.0.
Oracle Solaris 11.4 23 Jun 2025 init(8)