svcadm(8)을 검색하려면 섹션에서 8 을 선택하고, 맨 페이지 이름에 svcadm을 입력하고 검색을 누른다.
dd(8)
dd(8) System Administration Commands dd(8)
NAME
dd - convert and copy a file
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/dd [operand=value]...
DESCRIPTION
The dd utility copies the specified input file to the specified output
with possible conversions. The standard input and output are used by
default. The input and output block sizes may be specified to take ad‐
vantage of raw physical I/O. Sizes are specified in bytes; As described
below, an optional scale suffix can be specified, and numbers may be
separated by x to indicate multiplication.
The dd utility reads the input one block at a time, using the specified
input block size. dd then processes the block of data actually re‐
turned, which could be smaller than the requested block size. dd ap‐
plies any conversions that have been specified and writes the resulting
data to the output in blocks of the specified output block size.
cbs is used only if ascii, asciib, unblock, ebcdic, ebcdicb, ibm, ibmb,
or block conversion is specified. In the first two cases, cbs charac‐
ters are copied into the conversion buffer, any specified character
mapping is done, trailing blanks are trimmed, and a NEWLINE is added
before sending the line to output. In the last three cases, characters
up to NEWLINE are read into the conversion buffer and blanks are added
to make up an output record of size cbs. ASCII files are presumed to
contain NEWLINE characters. If cbs is unspecified or 0, the ascii,
asciib, ebcdic, ebcdicb, ibm, and ibmb options convert the character
set without changing the input file's block structure. The unblock and
block options become a simple file copy.
After completion, dd reports the number of whole and partial input and
output blocks.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-?
--help
Print usage message and immediately exit.
OPERANDS
The following operands are supported:
if=file
Specifies the input path. Standard input is the default.
of=file
Specifies the output path. Standard output is the default. If the
seek=expr conversion is not also specified, the output file will be
truncated before the copy begins, unless conv=notrunc is specified.
If seek=expr is specified, but conv=notrunc is not, the effect of
the copy will be to preserve the blocks in the output file over
which dd seeks, but no other portion of the output file will be
preserved. (If the size of the seek plus the size of the input file
is less than the previous size of the output file, the output file
is shortened by the copy.)
ibs=n
Specifies the input block size in n bytes (default is 512).
obs=n
Specifies the output block size in n bytes (default is 512).
bs=n
Sets both input and output block sizes to n bytes, superseding ibs=
and obs=. If no conversion other than sync, noerror, and notrunc is
specified, each input block is copied to the output as a single
block without aggregating short blocks.
cbs=n
Specifies the conversion block size for block and unblock in bytes
by n (default is 0). If cbs= is omitted or given a value of 0, us‐
ing block or unblock produces unspecified results.
This option is used only if ASCII or EBCDIC conversion is speci‐
fied. For the ascii and asciib operands, the input is handled as
described for the unblock operand except that characters are con‐
verted to ASCII before the trailing SPACE characters are deleted.
For the ebcdic, ebcdicb, ibm, and ibmb operands, the input is han‐
dled as described for the block operand except that the characters
are converted to EBCDIC or IBM EBCDIC after the trailing SPACE
characters are added.
files=n
Copies and concatenates n input files before terminating (makes
sense only where input is a magnetic tape or similar device).
skip=n
Skips n input blocks (using the specified input block size) before
starting to copy. On seekable files, the implementation reads the
blocks or seeks past them. On non-seekable files, the blocks are
read and the data is discarded.
iseek=n
Seeks n blocks from beginning of input file before copying (appro‐
priate for disk files, where skip can be incredibly slow).
oseek=n
Seeks n blocks from beginning of output file before copying.
seek=n
Skips n blocks (using the specified output block size) from begin‐
ning of output file before copying. On non-seekable files, existing
blocks are read and space from the current end-of-file to the spec‐
ified offset, if any, is filled with null bytes. On seekable files,
the implementation seeks to the specified offset or reads the
blocks as described for non-seekable files.
count=n
Copies only n input blocks.
conv=value[,value...]
Where values are comma-separated symbols from the following list:
ascii Converts EBCDIC to ASCII.
asciib Converts EBCDIC to ASCII using BSD-compatible character
translations.
ebcdic Converts ASCII to EBCDIC. If converting fixed-length
ASCII records without NEWLINEs, sets up a pipeline with
dd conv=unblock beforehand.
ebcdicb Converts ASCII to EBCDIC using BSD-compatible character
translations. If converting fixed-length ASCII records
without NEWLINEs, sets up a pipeline with dd conv=un‐
block beforehand.
ibm Slightly different map of ASCII to EBCDIC. If converting
fixed-length ASCII records without NEWLINEs, sets up a
pipeline with dd conv=unblock beforehand.
ibmb Slightly different map of ASCII to EBCDIC using BSD-com‐
patible character translations. If converting fixed-
length ASCII records without NEWLINEs, sets up a
pipeline with dd conv=unblock beforehand.
The ascii (or asciib), ebcdic (or ebcdicb), and ibm (or ibmb) val‐
ues are mutually exclusive.
block Treats the input as a sequence of NEWLINE-terminated or
EOF-terminated variable-length records independent of
the input block boundaries. Each record is converted to
a record with a fixed length specified by the conversion
block size. Any NEWLINE character is removed from the
input line. SPACE characters are appended to lines that
are shorter than their conversion block size to fill the
block. Lines that are longer than the conversion block
size are truncated to the largest number of characters
that will fit into that size. The number of truncated
lines is reported.
unblock Converts fixed-length records to variable length. Reads
a number of bytes equal to the conversion block size (or
the number of bytes remaining in the input, if less than
the conversion block size), delete all trailing SPACE
characters, and append a NEWLINE character.
The block and unblock values are mutually exclusive.
lcase Maps uppercase characters specified by the LC_CTYPE key‐
word tolower to the corresponding lowercase character.
Characters for which no mapping is specified are not modi‐
fied by this conversion.
ucase Maps lowercase characters specified by the LC_CTYPE key‐
word toupper to the corresponding uppercase character.
Characters for which no mapping is specified are not modi‐
fied by this conversion.
The lcase and ucase symbols are mutually exclusive.
swab Swaps every pair of input bytes. If the current input
record is an odd number of bytes, the last byte in the
input record is ignored.
noerror Does not stop processing on an input error. When an in‐
put error occurs, a diagnostic message is written on
standard error, followed by the current input and output
block counts in the same format as used at completion.
If the sync conversion is specified, the missing input
is replaced with null bytes and processed normally. Oth‐
erwise, the input block will be omitted from the output.
notrunc Does not truncate the output file. Preserves blocks in
the output file not explicitly written by this invoca‐
tion of dd. (See also the preceding of=file operand.)
sync Pads every input block to the size of the ibs= buffer,
appending null bytes. (If either block or unblock is
also specified, appends SPACE characters, rather than
null bytes.)
If operands other than conv= are specified more than once, the last
specified operand=value is used.
For the bs=, cbs=, ibs=, and obs= operands, the application must supply
an expression specifying a size in bytes. The expression, expr, can be:
1. A positive decimal number.
2. A positive decimal number followed by a scale factor suffix,
representing multiples of 1024 bytes: k, m, g, t, p, or e,
denoting kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes,
petabytes, or exabytes respectively.
3. A positive decimal number followed by the scale factor b
(block), or w (word), specifying multiplication by 512, or 2
respectively.
4. Two or more positive decimal numbers as described above,
separated by x, specifying the product of the indicated val‐
ues.
All of the operands will be processed before any input is read.
EXAMPLES
Example 1 Copying from one tape drive to another
The following example copies from tape drive 0 to tape drive 1, using a
common historical device naming convention.
example% dd if=/dev/rmt/0h of=/dev/rmt/1h
Example 2 Stripping the first 10 bytes from standard input
The following example strips the first 10 bytes from standard input:
example% dd ibs=10 skip=1
Example 3 Reading a tape into an ASCII file
This example reads an EBCDIC tape blocked ten 80-byte EBCDIC card im‐
ages per block into the ASCII file x:
example% dd if=/dev/tape of=x ibs=800 cbs=80 conv=ascii,lcase
Example 4 Using conv=sync to write to tape
The following example uses conv=sync when writing to a tape:
example% tar cvf - . | compress | dd obs=1024k of=/dev/rmt/0 conv=sync
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
See environ(7) for descriptions of the following environment variables
that affect the execution of dd: LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES,
and NLSPATH.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 The input file was copied successfully.
>0 An error occurred.
If an input error is detected and the noerror conversion has not been
specified, any partial output block will be written to the output file,
a diagnostic message will be written, and the copy operation will be
discontinued. If some other error is detected, a diagnostic message
will be written and the copy operation will be discontinued.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(7) for descriptions of the following attributes:
tab() box; cw(2.75i) |cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) |lw(2.75i) ATTRIBUTE TYPEAT‐
TRIBUTE VALUE _ Availabilitysystem/core-os _ Interface StabilityCommit‐
ted _ StandardSee standards(7).
SEE ALSO
cp(1), sed(1), tr(1), attributes(7), environ(7), standards(7)
DIAGNOSTICS
f+p records in(out) numbers of full and partial blocks read(written)
NOTES
Do not use dd to copy files between file systems having different block
sizes.
Using a blocked device to copy a file will result in extra nulls being
added to the file to pad the final block to the block boundary.
When dd reads from a pipe, using the ibs=X and obs=Y operands, the out‐
put will always be blocked in chunks of size Y. When bs=Z is used, the
output blocks will be whatever was available to be read from the pipe
at the time.
When using dd to copy files to a tape device, the file size must be a
multiple of the device sector size (for example, 512 Kbyte). To copy
files of arbitrary size to a tape device, use tar(1) or cpio(1).
For SIGINT, dd writes status information to standard error before exit‐
ing. It takes the standard action for all other signals.
Oracle Solaris 11.4 18 October 2022 dd(8)