Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                     J. Alakuijala
Request for Comments: 7932                                   Z. Szabadka
Category: Informational                                     Google, Inc.
ISSN: 2070-1721                                                July 2016


                     Brotli Compressed Data Format

Abstract

   This specification defines a lossless compressed data format that
   compresses data using a combination of the LZ77 algorithm and Huffman
   coding, with efficiency comparable to the best currently available
   general-purpose compression methods.

Status of This Memo

   This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
   published for informational purposes.

   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
   (IETF).  It has been approved for publication by the Internet
   Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Not all documents approved by the
   IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet Standard; see Section
   2 of RFC 7841.

   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
   http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7932.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.







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Table of Contents

   1. Introduction ....................................................3
      1.1. Purpose ....................................................3
      1.2. Intended Audience ..........................................3
      1.3. Scope ......................................................4
      1.4. Compliance .................................................4
      1.5. Definitions of Terms and Conventions Used ..................4
           1.5.1. Packing into Bytes ..................................5
   2. Compressed Representation Overview ..............................6
   3. Compressed Representation of Prefix Codes ......................10
      3.1. Introduction to Prefix Coding .............................10
      3.2. Use of Prefix Coding in the Brotli Format .................11
      3.3. Alphabet Sizes ............................................13
      3.4. Simple Prefix Codes .......................................14
      3.5. Complex Prefix Codes ......................................15
   4. Encoding of Distances ..........................................17
   5. Encoding of Literal Insertion Lengths and Copy Lengths .........19
   6. Encoding of Block-Switch Commands ..............................22
   7. Context Modeling ...............................................23
      7.1. Context Modes and Context ID Lookup for Literals ..........23
      7.2. Context ID for Distances ..................................26
      7.3. Encoding of the Context Map ...............................26
   8. Static Dictionary ..............................................28
   9. Compressed Data Format .........................................31
      9.1. Format of the Stream Header ...............................31
      9.2. Format of the Meta-Block Header ...........................32
      9.3. Format of the Meta-Block Data .............................35
   10. Decoding Algorithm ............................................36
   11. Considerations for Compressor Implementations .................38
      11.1. Trivial Compressor .......................................39
      11.2. Aligning Compressed Meta-Blocks to Byte Boundaries .......39
      11.3. Creating Self-Contained Parts within the
            Compressed Data ..........................................40
   12. Security Considerations .......................................41
   13. IANA Considerations ...........................................42
   14. Informative References ........................................43
   Appendix A. Static Dictionary Data ................................44
   Appendix B. List of Word Transformations .........................124
   Appendix C. Computing CRC-32 Check Values ........................127
   Appendix D. Source Code ..........................................127
   Acknowledgments ..................................................127
   Authors' Addresses ...............................................128








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1.  Introduction

1.1.  Purpose

   The purpose of this specification is to define a lossless compressed
   data format that:

      *  is independent of CPU type, operating system, file system, and
         character set; hence, it can be used for interchange.

      *  can be produced or consumed, even for an arbitrarily long,
         sequentially presented input data stream, using only an a
         priori bounded amount of intermediate storage; hence, it can be
         used in data communications or similar structures, such as Unix
         filters.

      *  compresses data with a compression ratio comparable to the best
         currently available general-purpose compression methods, in
         particular, considerably better than the gzip program.

      *  decompresses much faster than current LZMA implementations.

   The data format defined by this specification does not attempt to:

      *  allow random access to compressed data.

      *  compress specialized data (e.g., raster graphics) as densely as
         the best currently available specialized algorithms.

   This document is the authoritative specification of the brotli
   compressed data format.  It defines the set of valid brotli
   compressed data streams and a decoder algorithm that produces the
   uncompressed data stream from a valid brotli compressed data stream.

1.2.  Intended Audience

   This specification is intended for use by software implementers to
   compress data into and/or decompress data from the brotli format.

   The text of the specification assumes a basic background in
   programming at the level of bits and other primitive data
   representations.  Familiarity with the technique of Huffman coding is
   helpful but not required.








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   This specification uses (heavily) the notations and terminology
   introduced in the DEFLATE format specification [RFC1951].  For the
   sake of completeness, we always include the whole text of the
   relevant parts of RFC 1951; therefore, familiarity with the DEFLATE
   format is helpful but not required.

   The compressed data format defined in this specification is an
   integral part of the WOFF File Format 2.0 [WOFF2]; therefore, this
   specification is also intended for implementers of WOFF 2.0
   compressors and decompressors.

1.3.  Scope

   This document specifies a method for representing a sequence of bytes
   as a (usually shorter) sequence of bits and a method for packing the
   latter bit sequence into bytes.

1.4.  Compliance

   Unless otherwise indicated below, a compliant decompressor must be
   able to accept and decompress any data set that conforms to all the
   specifications presented here.  A compliant compressor must produce
   data sets that conform to all the specifications presented here.

1.5.  Definitions of Terms and Conventions Used

   Byte: 8 bits stored or transmitted as a unit (same as an octet).  For
   this specification, a byte is exactly 8 bits, even on machines that
   store a character on a number of bits different from eight.  See
   below for the numbering of bits within a byte.

   String: a sequence of arbitrary bytes.

   Bytes stored within a computer do not have a "bit order", since they
   are always treated as a unit.  However, a byte considered as an
   integer between 0 and 255 does have a most and least significant bit
   (lsb), and since we write numbers with the most significant digit on
   the left, we also write bytes with the most significant bit (msb) on
   the left.  In the diagrams below, we number the bits of a byte so
   that bit 0 is the least significant bit, i.e., the bits are numbered:

      +--------+
      |76543210|
      +--------+







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   Within a computer, a number may occupy multiple bytes.  All multi-
   byte numbers in the format described here are stored with the least
   significant byte first (at the lower memory address).  For example,
   the decimal number 520 is stored as:

      0        1
      +--------+--------+
      |00001000|00000010|
      +--------+--------+
      ^        ^
      |        |
      |        + more significant byte = 2 * 256
      + less significant byte = 8

1.5.1.  Packing into Bytes

   This document does not address the issue of the order in which bits
   of a byte are transmitted on a bit-sequential medium, since the final
   data format described here is byte rather than bit oriented.
   However, we describe the compressed block format below as a sequence
   of data elements of various bit lengths, not a sequence of bytes.
   Therefore, we must specify how to pack these data elements into bytes
   to form the final compressed byte sequence:

      *  Data elements are packed into bytes in order of increasing bit
         number within the byte, i.e., starting with the least
         significant bit of the byte.

      *  Data elements other than prefix codes are packed starting with
         the least significant bit of the data element.  These are
         referred to here as "integer values" and are considered
         unsigned.

      *  Prefix codes are packed starting with the most significant bit
         of the code.

   In other words, if one were to print out the compressed data as a
   sequence of bytes, starting with the first byte at the *right* margin
   and proceeding to the *left*, with the most significant bit of each
   byte on the left as usual, one would be able to parse the result from
   right to left, with fixed-width elements in the correct msb-to-lsb
   order and prefix codes in bit-reversed order (i.e., with the first
   bit of the code in the relative lsb position).

   As an example, consider packing the following data elements into a
   sequence of 3 bytes: 3-bit integer value 6, 4-bit integer value 2,
   prefix code 110, prefix code 10, 12-bit integer value 3628.




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        byte 2   byte 1   byte 0
      +--------+--------+--------+
      |11100010|11000101|10010110|
      +--------+--------+--------+
       ^            ^ ^   ^   ^
       |            | |   |   |
       |            | |   |   +------ integer value 6
       |            | |   +---------- integer value 2
       |            | +-------------- prefix code 110
       |            +---------------- prefix code 10
       +----------------------------- integer value 3628

2.  Compressed Representation Overview

   A compressed data set consists of a header and a series of meta-
   blocks.  Each meta-block decompresses to a sequence of 0 to
   16,777,216 (16 MiB) uncompressed bytes.  The final uncompressed data
   is the concatenation of the uncompressed sequences from each meta-
   block.

   The header contains the size of the sliding window that was used
   during compression.  The decompressor must retain at least that
   amount of uncompressed data prior to the current position in the
   stream, in order to be able to decompress what follows.  The sliding
   window size is a power of two, minus 16, where the power is in the
   range of 10 to 24.  The possible sliding window sizes range from 1
   KiB - 16 B to 16 MiB - 16 B.

   Each meta-block is compressed using a combination of the LZ77
   algorithm (Lempel-Ziv 1977, [LZ77]) and Huffman coding.  The result
   of Huffman coding is referred to here as a "prefix code".  The prefix
   codes for each meta-block are independent of those for previous or
   subsequent meta-blocks; the LZ77 algorithm may use a reference to a
   duplicated string occurring in a previous meta-block, up to the
   sliding window size of uncompressed bytes before.  In addition, in
   the brotli format, a string reference may instead refer to a static
   dictionary entry.

   Each meta-block consists of two parts: a meta-block header that
   describes the representation of the compressed data part and a
   compressed data part.  The compressed data consists of a series of
   commands.  Each command consists of two parts: a sequence of literal
   bytes (of strings that have not been detected as duplicated within
   the sliding window) and a pointer to a duplicated string, which is
   represented as a pair .  There can be zero
   literal bytes in the command.  The minimum length of the string to be





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   duplicated is two, but the last command in the meta-block is
   permitted to have only literals and no pointer to a string to
   duplicate.

   Each command in the compressed data is represented using three
   categories of prefix codes:

      1) One set of prefix codes are for the literal sequence lengths
         (also referred to as literal insertion lengths) and backward
         copy lengths.  That is, a single code word represents two
         lengths: one of the literal sequence and one of the backward
         copy.

      2) One set of prefix codes are for literals.

      3) One set of prefix codes are for distances.

   The prefix code descriptions for each meta-block appear in a compact
   form just before the compressed data in the meta-block header.  The
   insert-and-copy length and distance prefix codes may be followed by
   extra bits that are added to the base values determined by the codes.
   The number of extra bits is determined by the code.

   One meta-block command then appears as a sequence of prefix codes:

      Insert-and-copy length, literal, literal, ..., literal, distance

   where the insert-and-copy length defines an insertion length and a
   copy length.  The insertion length determines the number of literals
   that immediately follow.  The distance defines how far back to go for
   the copy and the copy length determines the number of bytes to copy.
   The resulting uncompressed data is the sequence of bytes:

      literal, literal, ..., literal, copy, copy, ..., copy

   where the number of literal bytes and copy bytes are determined by
   the insert-and-copy length code.  (The number of bytes copied for a
   static dictionary entry can vary from the copy length.)

   The last command in the meta-block may end with the last literal if
   the total uncompressed length of the meta-block has been satisfied.
   In that case, there is no distance in the last command, and the copy
   length is ignored.

   There can be more than one prefix code for each category, where the
   prefix code to use for the next element of that category is
   determined by the context of the compressed stream that precedes that
   element.  Part of that context is three current block types, one for



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   each category.  A block type is in the range of 0..255.  For each
   category there is a count of how many elements of that category
   remain to be decoded using the current block type.  Once that count
   is expended, a new block type and block count is read from the stream
   immediately preceding the next element of that category, which will
   use the new block type.

   The insert-and-copy block type directly determines which prefix code
   to use for the next insert-and-copy length.  For the literal and
   distance elements, the respective block type is used in combination
   with other context information to determine which prefix code to use
   for the next element.

   Consider the following example:

      (IaC0, L0, L1, L2, D0)(IaC1, D1)(IaC2, L3, L4, D2)(IaC3, L5, D3)

   The meta-block here has four commands, contained in parentheses for
   clarity, where each of the three categories of symbols within these
   commands can be interpreted using different block types.  Here we
   separate out each category as its own sequence to show an example of
   block types assigned to those elements.  Each square-bracketed group
   is a block that uses the same block type:

      [IaC0, IaC1][IaC2, IaC3]  <-- insert-and-copy: block types 0 and 1

      [L0, L1][L2, L3, L4][L5]  <-- literals: block types 0, 1, and 0

      [D0][D1, D2, D3]          <-- distances: block types 0 and 1

   The subsequent blocks within each block category must have different
   block types, but we see that block types can be reused later in the
   meta-block.  The block types are numbered from 0 to the maximum block
   type number of 255, and the first block of each block category is
   type 0.  The block structure of a meta-block is represented by the
   sequence of block-switch commands for each block category, where a
   block-switch command is a pair .  The block-
   switch commands are represented in the compressed data before the
   start of each new block using a prefix code for block types and a
   separate prefix code for block counts for each block category.  For
   the above example, the physical layout of the meta-block is then:

      IaC0 L0 L1 LBlockSwitch(1, 3) L2 D0 IaC1 DBlockSwitch(1, 3) D1
      IaCBlockSwitch(1, 2) IaC2 L3 L4 D2 IaC3 LBlockSwitch(0, 1) L5 D3

   where xBlockSwitch(t, n) switches to block type t for a count of n
   elements.  In this example, note that DBlockSwitch(1, 3) immediately
   precedes the next required distance, D1.  It does not follow the last



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   distance of the previous block, D0.  Whenever an element of a
   category is needed, and the block count for that category has reached
   zero, then a new block type and count are read from the stream just
   before reading that next element.

   The block-switch commands for the first blocks of each category are
   not part of the meta-block compressed data.  Instead, the first block
   type is defined to be 0, and the first block count for each category
   is encoded in the meta-block header.  The prefix codes for the block
   types and counts, a total of six prefix codes over the three
   categories, are defined in a compact form in the meta-block header.

   Each category of value (insert-and-copy lengths, literals, and
   distances) can be encoded with any prefix code from a collection of
   prefix codes belonging to the same category appearing in the meta-
   block header.  The particular prefix code used can depend on two
   factors: the block type of the block the value appears in and the
   context of the value.  In the case of the literals, the context is
   the previous two bytes in the uncompressed data; and in the case of
   distances, the context is the copy length from the same command.  For
   insert-and-copy lengths, no context is used and the prefix code
   depends only on the block type.  In the case of literals and
   distances, the context is mapped to a context ID in the range 0..63
   for literals and 0..3 for distances.  The matrix of the prefix code
   indexes for each block type and context ID, called the context map,
   is encoded in a compact form in the meta-block header.

   For example, the prefix code to use to decode L2 depends on the block
   type (1), and the literal context ID determined by the two
   uncompressed bytes that were decoded from L0 and L1.  Similarly, the
   prefix code to use to decode D0 depends on the block type (0) and the
   distance context ID determined by the copy length decoded from IaC0.
   The prefix code to use to decode IaC3 depends only on the block type
   (1).

   In addition to the parts listed above (prefix code for insert-and-
   copy lengths, literals, distances, block types, block counts, and the
   context map), the meta-block header contains the number of
   uncompressed bytes coded in the meta-block and two additional
   parameters used in the representation of match distances: the number
   of postfix bits and the number of direct distance codes.

   A compressed meta-block may be marked in the header as the last meta-
   block, which terminates the compressed stream.

   A meta-block may, instead, simply store the uncompressed data
   directly as bytes on byte boundaries with no coding or matching
   strings.  In this case, the meta-block header information only



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   contains the number of uncompressed bytes and the indication that the
   meta-block is uncompressed.  An uncompressed meta-block cannot be the
   last meta-block.

   A meta-block may also be empty, which generates no uncompressed data
   at all.  An empty meta-block may contain metadata information as
   bytes starting on byte boundaries, which are not part of either the
   sliding window or the uncompressed data.  Thus, these metadata bytes
   cannot be used to create matching strings in subsequent meta-blocks
   and are not used as context bytes for literals.

3.  Compressed Representation of Prefix Codes

3.1.  Introduction to Prefix Coding

   Prefix coding represents symbols from an a priori known alphabet by
   bit sequences (codes), one code for each symbol, in a manner such
   that different symbols may be represented by bit sequences of
   different lengths, but a parser can always parse an encoded string
   unambiguously symbol-by-symbol.

   We define a prefix code in terms of a binary tree in which the two
   edges descending from each non-leaf node are labeled 0 and 1, and in
   which the leaf nodes correspond one-for-one with (are labeled with)
   the symbols of the alphabet.  The code for a symbol is the sequence
   of 0's and 1's on the edges leading from the root to the leaf labeled
   with that symbol.  For example:

               /\              Symbol    Code
              0  1             ------    ----
             /    \                A     00
            /\     B               B     1
           0  1                    C     011
          /    \                   D     010
         A     /\
              0  1
             /    \
            D      C

   A parser can decode the next symbol from the compressed stream by
   walking down the tree from the root, at each step choosing the edge
   corresponding to the next compressed data bit.

   Given an alphabet with known symbol frequencies, the Huffman
   algorithm allows the construction of an optimal prefix code (one that
   represents strings with those symbol frequencies using the fewest





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   bits of any possible prefix codes for that alphabet).  Such a prefix
   code is called a Huffman code.  (See [HUFFMAN] for additional
   information on Huffman codes.)

   In the brotli format, note that the prefix codes for the various
   alphabets must not exceed certain maximum code lengths.  This
   constraint complicates the algorithm for computing code lengths from
   symbol frequencies.  Again, see [HUFFMAN] for details.

3.2.  Use of Prefix Coding in the Brotli Format

   The prefix codes used for each alphabet in the brotli format are
   canonical prefix codes, which have two additional rules:

      *  All codes of a given bit length have lexicographically
         consecutive values, in the same order as the symbols they
         represent;

      *  Shorter codes lexicographically precede longer codes.

   We could recode the example above to follow this rule as follows,
   assuming that the order of the alphabet is ABCD:

      Symbol  Code
      ------  ----
      A       10
      B       0
      C       110
      D       111

   That is, 0 precedes 10, which precedes 11x, and 110 and 111 are
   lexicographically consecutive.

   Given this rule, we can define the canonical prefix code for an
   alphabet just by giving the bit lengths of the codes for each symbol
   of the alphabet in order; this is sufficient to determine the actual
   codes.  In our example, the code is completely defined by the
   sequence of bit lengths (2, 1, 3, 3).  The following algorithm
   generates the codes as integers, intended to be read from most to
   least significant bit.  The code lengths are initially in
   tree[I].Len; the codes are produced in tree[I].Code.

      1) Count the number of codes for each code length.  Let
         bl_count[N] be the number of codes of length N, N >= 1.







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      2) Find the numerical value of the smallest code for each code
         length:

            code = 0;
            bl_count[0] = 0;
            for (bits = 1; bits <= MAX_BITS; bits++) {
               code = (code + bl_count[bits-1]) << 1;
               next_code[bits] = code;
            }

      3) Assign numerical values to all codes, using consecutive values
         for all codes of the same length with the base values
         determined at step 2.  Codes that are never used (which have a
         bit length of zero) must not be assigned a value.

            for (n = 0; n <= max_code; n++) {
               len = tree[n].Len;
               if (len != 0) {
                  tree[n].Code = next_code[len];
                  next_code[len]++;
               }
            }


   Example:

   Consider the alphabet ABCDEFGH, with bit lengths (3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2,
   4, 4).  After step 1, we have:

      N      bl_count[N]
      -      -----------
      2      1
      3      5
      4      2

   Step 2 computes the following next_code values:

      N      next_code[N]
      -      ------------
      1      0
      2      0
      3      2
      4      14








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   Step 3 produces the following code values:

      Symbol Length   Code
      ------ ------   ----
      A       3       010
      B       3       011
      C       3       100
      D       3       101
      E       3       110
      F       2       00
      G       4       1110
      H       4       1111

3.3.  Alphabet Sizes

   Prefix codes are used for different purposes in the brotli format,
   and each purpose has a different alphabet size.  For literal codes,
   the alphabet size is 256.  For insert-and-copy length codes, the
   alphabet size is 704.  For block count codes, the alphabet size is
   26.  For distance codes, block type codes, and the prefix codes used
   in compressing the context map, the alphabet size is dynamic and is
   based on parameters defined in later sections.  The following table
   summarizes the alphabet sizes for the various prefix codes and the
   sections of this document in which they are defined.

      +-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
      | Prefix Code     | Alphabet Size           | Definition |
      +-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
      | literal         | 256                     |            |
      +-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
      | distance        | 16 + NDIRECT +          | Section 4  |
      |                 | (48 << NPOSTFIX)        |            |
      +-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
      | insert-and-copy | 704                     | Section 5  |
      | length          |                         |            |
      +-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
      | block count     | 26                      | Section 6  |
      +-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
      | block type      | NBLTYPESx + 2,          | Section 6  |
      |                 | (where x is I, L, or D) |            |
      +-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
      | context map     | NTREESx + RLEMAXx       | Section 7  |
      |                 | (where x is L or D)     |            |
      +-----------------+-------------------------+------------+







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3.4.  Simple Prefix Codes

   The first two bits of the compressed representation of each prefix
   code distinguish between simple and complex prefix codes.  If this
   value is 1, then a simple prefix code follows as described in this
   section.  Otherwise, a complex prefix code follows as described in
   Section 3.5.

   A simple prefix code can have up to four symbols with non-zero code
   length.  The format of the simple prefix code is as follows:

      2 bits: value of 1 indicates a simple prefix code
      2 bits: NSYM - 1, where NSYM = number of symbols coded

      NSYM symbols, each encoded using ALPHABET_BITS bits

      1 bit:  tree-select, present only for NSYM = 4

   The value of ALPHABET_BITS depends on the alphabet of the prefix
   code: it is the smallest number of bits that can represent all
   symbols in the alphabet.  For example, for the alphabet of literal
   bytes, ALPHABET_BITS is 8.  The value of each of the NSYM symbols
   above is the value of the ALPHABET_BITS width integer value.  If the
   integer value is greater than or equal to the alphabet size, or the
   value is identical to a previous value, then the stream should be
   rejected as invalid.

   Note that the NSYM symbols may not be presented in sorted order.
   Prefix codes of the same bit length must be assigned to the symbols
   in sorted order.

   The (non-zero) code lengths of the symbols can be reconstructed as
   follows:

      *  if NSYM = 1, the code length for the one symbol is zero -- when
         encoding this symbol in the compressed data stream using this
         prefix code, no actual bits are emitted.  Similarly, when
         decoding a symbol using this prefix code, no bits are read and
         the one symbol is returned.

      *  if NSYM = 2, both symbols have code length 1.

      *  if NSYM = 3, the code lengths for the symbols are 1, 2, 2 in
         the order they appear in the representation of the simple
         prefix code.






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      *  if NSYM = 4, the code lengths (in order of symbols decoded)
         depend on the tree-select bit: 2, 2, 2, 2 (tree-select bit 0),
         or 1, 2, 3, 3 (tree-select bit 1).

3.5.  Complex Prefix Codes

   A complex prefix code is a canonical prefix code, defined by the
   sequence of code lengths, as discussed in Section 3.2.  For even
   greater compactness, the code length sequences themselves are
   compressed using a prefix code.  The alphabet for code lengths is as
   follows:

       0..15: Represent code lengths of 0..15
          16: Copy the previous non-zero code length 3..6 times.
              The next 2 bits indicate repeat length
                    (0 = 3, ... , 3 = 6)
              If this is the first code length, or all previous
              code lengths are zero, a code length of 8 is
              repeated 3..6 times.
              A repeated code length code of 16 modifies the
              repeat count of the previous one as follows:
                 repeat count = (4 * (repeat count - 2)) +
                                (3..6 on the next 2 bits)
              Example:  Codes 7, 16 (+2 bits 11), 16 (+2 bits 10)
                        will expand to 22 code lengths of 7
                        (1 + 4 * (6 - 2) + 5)
          17: Repeat a code length of 0 for 3..10 times.
              The next 3 bits indicate repeat length
                    (0 = 3, ... , 7 = 10)
              A repeated code length code of 17 modifies the
              repeat count of the previous one as follows:
                 repeat count = (8 * (repeat count - 2)) +
                                (3..10 on the next 3 bits)

   Note that a code of 16 that follows an immediately preceding 16
   modifies the previous repeat count, which becomes the new repeat
   count.  The same is true for a 17 following a 17.  A sequence of
   three or more 16 codes in a row or three of more 17 codes in a row is
   possible, modifying the count each time.  Only the final repeat count
   is used.  The modification only applies if the same code follows.  A
   16 repeat does not modify an immediately preceding 17 count nor vice
   versa.

   A code length of 0 indicates that the corresponding symbol in the
   alphabet will not occur in the compressed data, and it should not
   participate in the prefix code construction algorithm given earlier.
   A complex prefix code must have at least two non-zero code lengths.




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   The bit lengths of the prefix code over the code length alphabet are
   compressed with the following variable-length code (as it appears in
   the compressed data, where the bits are parsed from right to left):

      Symbol   Code
      ------   ----
      0          00
      1        0111
      2         011
      3          10
      4          01
      5        1111

   We can now define the format of the complex prefix code as follows:

   o  2 bits: HSKIP, the number of skipped code lengths, can have values
      of 0, 2, or 3.  The skipped lengths are taken to be zero.  (An
      HSKIP of 1 indicates a Simple prefix code.)

   o  Code lengths for symbols in the code length alphabet given just
      above, in the order: 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 5, 17, 6, 16, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
      12, 13, 14, 15.  If HSKIP is 2, then the code lengths for symbols
      1 and 2 are zero, and the first code length is for symbol 3.  If
      HSKIP is 3, then the code length for symbol 3 is also zero, and
      the first code length is for symbol 4.

      The code lengths of code length symbols are between 0 and 5, and
      they are represented with 2..4 bits according to the variable-
      length code above.  A code length of 0 means the corresponding
      code length symbol is not used.

      If HSKIP is 2 or 3, a respective number of leading code lengths
      are implicit zeros and are not present in the code length sequence
      above.

      If there are at least two non-zero code lengths, any trailing zero
      code lengths are omitted, i.e., the last code length in the
      sequence must be non-zero.  In this case, the sum of (32 >> code
      length) over all the non-zero code lengths must equal to 32.

      If the lengths have been read for the entire code length alphabet
      and there was only one non-zero code length, then the prefix code
      has one symbol whose code has zero length.  In this case, that
      symbol results in no bits being emitted by the compressor and no
      bits consumed by the decompressor.  That single symbol is
      immediately returned when this code is decoded.  An example of
      where this occurs is if the entire code to be represented has
      symbols of length 8.  For example, a literal code that represents



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      all literal values with equal probability.  In this case the
      single symbol is 16, which repeats the previous length.  The
      previous length is taken to be 8 before any code length code
      lengths are read.

   o  Sequence of code length symbols, which is at most the size of the
      alphabet, encoded using the code length prefix code.  Any trailing
      0 or 17 must be omitted, i.e., the last encoded code length symbol
      must be between 1 and 16.  The sum of (32768 >> code length) over
      all the non-zero code lengths in the alphabet, including those
      encoded using repeat code(s) of 16, must be equal to 32768.  If
      the number of times to repeat the previous length or repeat a zero
      length would result in more lengths in total than the number of
      symbols in the alphabet, then the stream should be rejected as
      invalid.

4.  Encoding of Distances

   As described in Section 2, one component of a compressed meta-block
   is a sequence of backward distances.  In this section, we provide the
   details to the encoding of distances.

   Each distance in the compressed data part of a meta-block is
   represented with a pair .  The distance
   code and the extra bits are encoded back-to-back, the distance code
   is encoded using a prefix code over the distance alphabet, while the
   extra bits value is encoded as a fixed-width integer value.  The
   number of extra bits can be 0..24, and it is dependent on the
   distance code.

   To convert a distance code and associated extra bits to a backward
   distance, we need the sequence of past distances and two additional
   parameters: the number of "postfix bits", denoted by NPOSTFIX (0..3),
   and the number of direct distance codes, denoted by NDIRECT (0..120).
   Both of these parameters are encoded in the meta-block header.  We
   will also use the following derived parameter:

      POSTFIX_MASK = (1 << NPOSTFIX) - 1













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   The first 16 distance symbols are special symbols that reference past
   distances as follows:

      0: last distance
      1: second-to-last distance
      2: third-to-last distance
      3: fourth-to-last distance
      4: last distance - 1
      5: last distance + 1
      6: last distance - 2
      7: last distance + 2
      8: last distance - 3
      9: last distance + 3
     10: second-to-last distance - 1
     11: second-to-last distance + 1
     12: second-to-last distance - 2
     13: second-to-last distance + 2
     14: second-to-last distance - 3
     15: second-to-last distance + 3

   The ring buffer of the four last distances is initialized by the
   values 16, 15, 11, and 4 (i.e., the fourth-to-last is set to 16, the
   third-to-last to 15, the second-to-last to 11, and the last distance
   to 4) at the beginning of the *stream* (as opposed to the beginning
   of the meta-block), and it is not reset at meta-block boundaries.
   When a distance symbol 0 appears, the distance it represents (i.e.,
   the last distance in the sequence of distances) is not pushed to the
   ring buffer of last distances; in other words, the expression
   "second-to-last distance" means the second-to-last distance that was
   not represented by a 0 distance symbol (and similar for "third-to-
   last distance" and "fourth-to-last distance").  Similarly, distances
   that represent static dictionary words (see Section 8) are not pushed
   to the ring buffer of last distances.

   If a special distance symbol resolves to a zero or negative value,
   the stream should be rejected as invalid.

   If NDIRECT is greater than zero, then the next NDIRECT distance
   symbols, from 16 to 15 + NDIRECT, represent distances from 1 to
   NDIRECT.  Neither the special distance symbols nor the NDIRECT direct
   distance symbols are followed by any extra bits.

   Distance symbols 16 + NDIRECT and greater all have extra bits, where
   the number of extra bits for a distance symbol "dcode" is given by
   the following formula:

      ndistbits = 1 + ((dcode - NDIRECT - 16) >> (NPOSTFIX + 1))




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   The maximum number of extra bits is 24; therefore, the size of the
   distance symbol alphabet is (16 + NDIRECT + (48 << NPOSTFIX)).

   Given a distance symbol "dcode" (>= 16 + NDIRECT), and extra bits
   "dextra", the backward distance is given by the following formula:

      hcode = (dcode - NDIRECT - 16) >> NPOSTFIX
      lcode = (dcode - NDIRECT - 16) & POSTFIX_MASK
      offset = ((2 + (hcode & 1)) << ndistbits) - 4
      distance = ((offset + dextra) << NPOSTFIX) + lcode + NDIRECT + 1

5.  Encoding of Literal Insertion Lengths and Copy Lengths

   As described in Section 2, the literal insertion lengths and backward
   copy lengths are encoded using a single prefix code.  This section
   provides the details to this encoding.

   Each  pair in the compressed data part
   of a meta-block is represented with the following triplet:

      

   The insert-and-copy length code, the insert extra bits, and the copy
   extra bits are encoded back-to-back, the insert-and-copy length code
   is encoded using a prefix code over the insert-and-copy length code
   alphabet, while the extra bits values are encoded as fixed-width
   integer values.  The number of insert and copy extra bits can be
   0..24, and they are dependent on the insert-and-copy length code.

   Some of the insert-and-copy length codes also express the fact that
   the distance symbol of the distance in the same command is 0, i.e.,
   the distance component of the command is the same as that of the
   previous command.  In this case, the distance code and extra bits for
   the distance are omitted from the compressed data stream.

















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   We describe the insert-and-copy length code alphabet in terms of the
   (not directly used) insert length code and copy length code
   alphabets.  The symbols of the insert length code alphabet, along
   with the number of insert extra bits, and the range of the insert
   lengths are as follows:

           Extra              Extra               Extra
      Code Bits Lengths  Code Bits Lengths   Code Bits Lengths
      ---- ---- -------  ---- ---- -------   ---- ---- -------
       0    0     0       8    2   10..13    16    6   130..193
       1    0     1       9    2   14..17    17    7   194..321
       2    0     2      10    3   18..25    18    8   322..577
       3    0     3      11    3   26..33    19    9   578..1089
       4    0     4      12    4   34..49    20   10   1090..2113
       5    0     5      13    4   50..65    21   12   2114..6209
       6    1    6,7     14    5   66..97    22   14   6210..22593
       7    1    8,9     15    5   98..129   23   24   22594..16799809

   The symbols of the copy length code alphabet, along with the number
   of copy extra bits, and the range of copy lengths are as follows:

           Extra              Extra               Extra
      Code Bits Lengths  Code Bits Lengths   Code Bits Lengths
      ---- ---- -------  ---- ---- -------   ---- ---- -------
       0    0     2       8    1    10,11    16    5   70..101
       1    0     3       9    1    12,13    17    5   102..133
       2    0     4      10    2    14..17   18    6   134..197
       3    0     5      11    2    18..21   19    7   198..325
       4    0     6      12    3    22..29   20    8   326..581
       5    0     7      13    3    30..37   21    9   582..1093
       6    0     8      14    4    38..53   22   10   1094..2117
       7    0     9      15    4    54..69   23   24   2118..16779333



















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   To convert an insert-and-copy length code to an insert length code
   and a copy length code, the following table can be used:

          Insert
          length        Copy length code
          code       0..7       8..15     16..23
                 +----------+----------+
                 |          |          |
           0..7  |   0..63  |  64..127 | <--- distance symbol 0
                 |          |          |
                 +----------+----------+----------+
                 |          |          |          |
           0..7  | 128..191 | 192..255 | 384..447 |
                 |          |          |          |
                 +----------+----------+----------+
                 |          |          |          |
           8..15 | 256..319 | 320..383 | 512..575 |
                 |          |          |          |
                 +----------+----------+----------+
                 |          |          |          |
          16..23 | 448..511 | 576..639 | 640..703 |
                 |          |          |          |
                 +----------+----------+----------+

   First, look up the cell with the 64 value range containing the
   insert-and-copy length code; this gives the insert length code and
   the copy length code ranges, both 8 values long.  The copy length
   code within its range is determined by bits 0..2 (counted from the
   lsb) of the insert-and-copy length code.  The insert length code
   within its range is determined by bits 3..5 (counted from the lsb) of
   the insert-and-copy length code.  Given the insert length and copy
   length codes, the actual insert and copy lengths can be obtained by
   reading the number of extra bits given by the tables above.

   If the insert-and-copy length code is between 0 and 127, the distance
   code of the command is set to zero (the last distance reused).















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6.  Encoding of Block-Switch Commands

   As described in Section 2, a block-switch command is a pair .  These are encoded in the compressed data part of
   the meta-block, right before the start of each new block of a
   particular block category.

   Each block type in the compressed data is represented with a block
   type code, encoded using a prefix code over the block type code
   alphabet.  A block type symbol 0 means that the new block type is the
   same as the type of the previous block from the same block category,
   i.e., the block type that preceded the current type, while a block
   type symbol 1 means that the new block type equals the current block
   type plus one.  If the current block type is the maximal possible,
   then a block type symbol of 1 results in wrapping to a new block type
   of 0.  Block type symbols 2..257 represent block types 0..255,
   respectively.  The previous and current block types are initialized
   to 1 and 0, respectively, at the end of the meta-block header.

   Since the first block type of each block category is 0, the block
   type of the first block-switch command is not encoded in the
   compressed data.  If a block category has only one block type, the
   block count of the first block-switch command is also omitted from
   the compressed data; otherwise, it is encoded in the meta-block
   header.

   Since the end of the meta-block is detected by the number of
   uncompressed bytes produced, the block counts for any of the three
   categories need not count down to exactly zero at the end of the
   meta-block.

   The number of different block types in each block category, denoted
   by NBLTYPESL, NBLTYPESI, and NBLTYPESD for literals, insert-and-copy
   lengths, and distances, respectively, is encoded in the meta-block
   header, and it must equal to the largest block type plus one in that
   block category.  In other words, the set of literal, insert-and-copy
   length, and distance block types must be [0..NBLTYPESL-1],
   [0..NBLTYPESI-1], and [0..NBLTYPESD-1], respectively.  From this it
   follows that the alphabet size of literal, insert-and-copy length,
   and distance block type codes is NBLTYPESL + 2, NBLTYPESI + 2, and
   NBLTYPESD + 2, respectively.

   Each block count in the compressed data is represented with a pair
   .  The block count code and the extra
   bits are encoded back-to-back, the block count code is encoded using
   a prefix code over the block count code alphabet, while the extra
   bits value is encoded as a fixed-width integer value.  The number of
   extra bits can be 0..24, and it is dependent on the block count code.



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   The symbols of the block count code alphabet along with the number of
   extra bits and the range of block counts are as follows:

           Extra              Extra               Extra
      Code Bits Lengths  Code Bits Lengths   Code Bits Lengths
      ---- ---- -------  ---- ---- -------   ---- ---- -------
       0    2    1..4     9    4   65..80    18    7   369..496
       1    2    5..8    10    4   81..96    19    8   497..752
       2    2    9..12   11    4   97..112   20    9   753..1264
       3    2   13..16   12    5  113..144   21   10   1265..2288
       4    3   17..24   13    5  145..176   22   11   2289..4336
       5    3   25..32   14    5  177..208   23   12   4337..8432
       6    3   33..40   15    5  209..240   24   13   8433..16624
       7    3   41..48   16    6  241..304   25   24   16625..16793840
       8    4   49..64   17    6  305..368

   The first block-switch command of each block category is special in
   the sense that it is encoded in the meta-block header, and as
   described earlier, the block type code is omitted since it is an
   implicit zero.

7.  Context Modeling

   As described in Section 2, the prefix tree used to encode a literal
   byte or a distance code depends on the block type and the context ID.
   This section specifies how to compute the context ID for a particular
   literal and distance code and how to encode the context map that maps
   a  pair to the index of a prefix code in the
   array of literal and distance prefix codes.

7.1.  Context Modes and Context ID Lookup for Literals

   The context for encoding the next literal is defined by the last two
   bytes in the stream (p1, p2, where p1 is the most recent byte),
   regardless of whether these bytes are produced by uncompressed meta-
   blocks, backward references, static dictionary references, or by
   literal insertions.  At the start of the stream, p1 and p2 are
   initialized to zero.

   There are four methods, called context modes, to compute the Context
   ID:

      *  LSB6, where the Context ID is the value of six least
         significant bits of p1,

      *  MSB6, where the Context ID is the value of six most significant
         bits of p1,




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      *  UTF8, where the Context ID is a complex function of p1, p2,
         optimized for text compression, and

      *  Signed, where Context ID is a complex function of p1, p2,
         optimized for compressing sequences of signed integers.

   The Context ID for the UTF8 and Signed context modes is computed
   using the following lookup tables Lut0, Lut1, and Lut2.

      Lut0 :=
         0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  4,  4,  0,  0,  4,  0,  0,
         0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,
         8, 12, 16, 12, 12, 20, 12, 16, 24, 28, 12, 12, 32, 12, 36, 12,
        44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 32, 32, 24, 40, 28, 12,
        12, 48, 52, 52, 52, 48, 52, 52, 52, 48, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 48,
        52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 48, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 24, 12, 28, 12, 12,
        12, 56, 60, 60, 60, 56, 60, 60, 60, 56, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 56,
        60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 56, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 24, 12, 28, 12,  0,
         0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
         0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
         0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
         0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
         2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3,
         2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3,
         2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3,
         2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3

      Lut1 :=
         0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
         0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
         0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
         2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
         1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
         2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
         1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
         3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
         0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
         0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
         0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
         0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
         0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
         0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
         2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
         2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2







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      Lut2 :=
         0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
         2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
         2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
         2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
         3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
         3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
         3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
         3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
         4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
         4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
         4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
         4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
         5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
         5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
         5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
         6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7

   The lengths and the CRC-32 check values (see Appendix C) of each of
   these tables as a sequence of bytes are as follows:

      Table    Length    CRC-32
      -----    ------    ------
      Lut0     256       0x8e91efb7
      Lut1     256       0xd01a32f4
      Lut2     256       0x0dd7a0d6

   Given p1 is the last uncompressed byte and p2 is the second-to-last
   uncompressed byte, the context IDs can be computed as follows:

      For LSB6:    Context ID = p1 & 0x3f
      For MSB6:    Context ID = p1 >> 2
      For UTF8:    Context ID = Lut0[p1] | Lut1[p2]
      For Signed:  Context ID = (Lut2[p1] << 3) | Lut2[p2]

   From the lookup tables defined above and the operations to compute
   the context IDs, we can see that context IDs for literals are in the
   range of 0..63.

   The context modes LSB6, MSB6, UTF8, and Signed are denoted by
   integers 0, 1, 2, 3.

   A context mode is defined for each literal block type and they are
   stored in a consecutive array of bits in the meta-block header,
   always two bits per block type.






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7.2.  Context ID for Distances

   The context for encoding a distance code is defined by the copy
   length corresponding to the distance.  The context IDs are 0, 1, 2,
   and 3 for copy lengths 2, 3, 4, and more than 4, respectively.

7.3.  Encoding of the Context Map

   There are two context maps, one for literals and one for distances.
   The size of the context map is 64 * NBLTYPESL for literals, and 4 *
   NBLTYPESD for distances.  Each value in the context map is an integer
   between 0 and 255, indicating the index of the prefix code to be used
   when encoding the next literal or distance.

   The context maps are two-dimensional matrices, encoded as one-
   dimensional arrays:

      CMAPL[0..(64 * NBLTYPESL - 1)]
      CMAPD[0..(4 * NBLTYPESD - 1)]

   The index of the prefix code for encoding a literal or distance code
   with block type, BTYPE_x, and context ID, CIDx, is:

      index of literal prefix code = CMAPL[64 * BTYPE_L + CIDL]
      index of distance prefix code = CMAPD[4 * BTYPE_D + CIDD]

   The values of the context map are encoded with the combination of run
   length encoding for zero values and prefix coding.  Let RLEMAX denote
   the number of run length codes and NTREES denote the maximum value in
   the context map plus one.  NTREES must equal the number of different
   values in the context map; in other words, the different values in
   the context map must be the [0..NTREES-1] interval.  The alphabet of
   the prefix code has the following RLEMAX + NTREES symbols:

      0: value zero
      1: repeat a zero 2 to 3 times, read 1 bit for repeat length
      2: repeat a zero 4 to 7 times, read 2 bits for repeat length
      ...
      RLEMAX: repeat a zero (1 << RLEMAX) to (1 << (RLEMAX+1))-1
              times, read RLEMAX bits for repeat length
      RLEMAX + 1: value 1
      ...
      RLEMAX + NTREES - 1: value NTREES - 1








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   If RLEMAX = 0, the run length coding is not used and the symbols of
   the alphabet are directly the values in the context map.  We can now
   define the format of the context map (the same format is used for
   literal and distance context maps):

      1..5 bits: RLEMAX, 0 is encoded with one 0 bit, and values 1..16
                 are encoded with bit pattern xxxx1 (so 01001 is 5)

      Prefix code with alphabet size NTREES + RLEMAX

      Context map size values encoded with the above prefix code and run
         length coding for zero values.  If a run length would result in
         more lengths in total than the size of the context map, then
         the stream should be rejected as invalid.

      1 bit:  IMTF bit, if set, we do an inverse move-to-front transform
              on the values in the context map to get the prefix code
              indexes.

   Note that RLEMAX may be larger than the value necessary to represent
   the longest sequence of zero values.  Also, the NTREES value is
   encoded right before the context map as described in Section 9.2.

   We define the inverse move-to-front transform used in this
   specification by the following C language function:

      void InverseMoveToFrontTransform(uint8_t* v, int v_len) {
         uint8_t mtf[256];
         int i;
         for (i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
            mtf[i] = (uint8_t)i;
         }
         for (i = 0; i < v_len; ++i) {
            uint8_t index = v[i];
            uint8_t value = mtf[index];
            v[i] = value;
            for (; index; --index) {
               mtf[index] = mtf[index - 1];
            }
            mtf[0] = value;
         }
      }

   Note that the inverse move-to-front transform will not produce values
   outside the [0..NTREES-1] interval.






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8.  Static Dictionary

   At any given point during decoding the compressed data, a reference
   to a duplicated string in the uncompressed data produced so far has a
   maximum backward distance value, which is the minimum of the window
   size and the number of uncompressed bytes produced.  However,
   decoding a distance from the compressed stream, as described in
   Section 4, can produce distances that are greater than this maximum
   allowed value.  In this case, the distance is treated as a reference
   to a word in the static dictionary given in Appendix A.  The copy
   length for a static dictionary reference must be between 4 and 24.
   The static dictionary has three parts:

      * DICT[0..DICTSIZE], an array of bytes
      * DOFFSET[0..24], an array of byte-offset values for each length
      * NDBITS[0..24], an array of bit-depth values for each length

   The number of static dictionary words for a given length is:

      NWORDS[length] = 0                       (if length < 4)
      NWORDS[length] = (1 << NDBITS[length])   (if length >= 4)

   DOFFSET and DICTSIZE are defined by the following recursion:

      DOFFSET[0] = 0
      DOFFSET[length + 1] = DOFFSET[length] + length * NWORDS[length]
      DICTSIZE = DOFFSET[24] + 24 * NWORDS[24]

   The offset of a word within the DICT array for a given length and
   index is:

      offset(length, index) = DOFFSET[length] + index * length

   Each static dictionary word has 121 different forms, given by
   applying a word transformation to a base word in the DICT array.  The
   list of word transformations is given in Appendix B.  The static
   dictionary word for a  pair can be reconstructed as
   follows:

      word_id = distance - (max allowed distance + 1)
      index = word_id % NWORDS[length]
      base_word = DICT[offset(length, index)..offset(length, index+1)-1]
      transform_id = word_id >> NDBITS[length]

   The string copied to the uncompressed stream is computed by applying
   the transformation to the base dictionary word.  If transform_id is
   greater than 120, or the length is smaller than 4 or greater than 24,
   then the compressed stream should be rejected as invalid.



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   Each word transformation has the following form:

      transform_i(word) = prefix_i + T_i(word) + suffix_i

   where the _i subscript denotes the transform_id above.  Each T_i is
   one of the following 21 elementary transforms:

      Identity, FermentFirst, FermentAll,
      OmitFirst1, ..., OmitFirst9, OmitLast1, ..., OmitLast9

   The form of these elementary transforms is as follows:

      Identity(word) = word

      FermentFirst(word) = see below

      FermentAll(word) = see below

      OmitFirstk(word) = the last (length(word) - k) bytes of word, or
                         empty string if length(word) < k

      OmitLastk(word) = the first (length(word) - k) bytes of word, or
                        empty string if length(word) < k




























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   We define the FermentFirst and FermentAll transforms used in this
   specification by the following C language functions:

      int Ferment(uint8_t* word, int word_len, int pos) {
         if (word[pos] < 192) {
            if (word[pos] >= 97 and word[pos] <= 122) {
               word[pos] = word[pos] ^ 32;
            }
            return 1;
         } else if (word[pos] < 224) {
            if (pos + 1 < word_len) {
               word[pos + 1] = word[pos + 1] ^ 32;
            }
            return 2;
         } else {
            if (pos + 2 < word_len) {
               word[pos + 2] = word[pos + 2] ^ 5;
            }
            return 3;
         }
      }

      void FermentFirst(uint8_t* word, int word_len) {
         if (word_len > 0) {
            Ferment(word, word_len, 0);
         }
      }

      void FermentAll(uint8_t* word, int word_len) {
         int i = 0;
         while (i < word_len) {
            i += Ferment(word, word_len, i);
         }
      }

   Appendix B contains the list of transformations by specifying the
   prefix, elementary transform and suffix components of each of them.
   Note that the OmitFirst8 elementary transform is not used in the list
   of transformations.  The strings in Appendix B are in C-string format
   with respect to escape (backslash) characters.

   The maximum number of additional bytes that a transform may add to a
   base word is 13.  Since the largest base word is 24 bytes long, a
   buffer of 38 bytes is sufficient to store any transformed words
   (counting a terminating zero byte).






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9.  Compressed Data Format

   In this section, we describe the format of the compressed data set in
   terms of the format of the individual data items described in the
   previous sections.

9.1.  Format of the Stream Header

   The stream header has only the following one field:

      1..7 bits: WBITS, a value in the range 10..24, encoded with the
                 following variable-length code (as it appears in the
                 compressed data, where the bits are parsed from right
                 to left):

                      Value    Bit Pattern
                      -----    -----------
                         10        0100001
                         11        0110001
                         12        1000001
                         13        1010001
                         14        1100001
                         15        1110001
                         16              0
                         17        0000001
                         18           0011
                         19           0101
                         20           0111
                         21           1001
                         22           1011
                         23           1101
                         24           1111

                 Note that bit pattern 0010001 is invalid and must not
                 be used.

   The size of the sliding window, which is the maximum value of any
   non-dictionary reference backward distance, is given by the following
   formula:

      window size = (1 << WBITS) - 16










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9.2.  Format of the Meta-Block Header

   A compliant compressed data set has at least one meta-block.  Each
   meta-block contains a header with information about the uncompressed
   length of the meta-block, and a bit signaling if the meta-block is
   the last one.  The format of the meta-block header is the following:

      1 bit:  ISLAST, set to 1 if this is the last meta-block

      1 bit:  ISLASTEMPTY, if set to 1, the meta-block is empty; this
              field is only present if ISLAST bit is set -- if it is 1,
              then the meta-block and the brotli stream ends at that
              bit, with any remaining bits in the last byte of the
              compressed stream filled with zeros (if the fill bits are
              not zero, then the stream should be rejected as invalid)

      2 bits: MNIBBLES, number of nibbles to represent the uncompressed
              length, encoded with the following fixed-length code:

                    Value    Bit Pattern
                    -----    -----------
                        0             11
                        4             00
                        5             01
                        6             10

              If MNIBBLES is 0, the meta-block is empty, i.e., it does
              not generate any uncompressed data.  In this case, the
              rest of the meta-block has the following format:

                   1 bit:  reserved, must be zero

                   2 bits: MSKIPBYTES, number of bytes to represent
                           metadata length

                   MSKIPBYTES * 8 bits: MSKIPLEN - 1, where MSKIPLEN is
                           the number of metadata bytes; this field is
                           only present if MSKIPBYTES is positive;
                           otherwise, MSKIPLEN is 0 (if MSKIPBYTES is
                           greater than 1, and the last byte is all
                           zeros, then the stream should be rejected as
                           invalid)

                   0..7 bits: fill bits until the next byte boundary,
                           must be all zeros

                   MSKIPLEN bytes of metadata, not part of the
                           uncompressed data or the sliding window



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      MNIBBLES * 4 bits: MLEN - 1, where MLEN is the length of the meta-
              block uncompressed data in bytes (if MNIBBLES is greater
              than 4, and the last nibble is all zeros, then the stream
              should be rejected as invalid)

      1 bit:  ISUNCOMPRESSED, if set to 1, any bits of compressed data
              up to the next byte boundary are ignored, and the rest of
              the meta-block contains MLEN bytes of literal data; this
              field is only present if the ISLAST bit is not set (if the
              ignored bits are not all zeros, the stream should be
              rejected as invalid)

      1..11 bits: NBLTYPESL, number of literal block types, encoded with
              the following variable-length code (as it appears in the
              compressed data, where the bits are parsed from right to
              left, so 0110111 has the value 12):

                       Value    Bit Pattern
                       -----    -----------
                         1                0
                         2             0001
                       3..4           x0011
                       5..8          xx0101
                       9..16        xxx0111
                      17..32       xxxx1001
                      33..64      xxxxx1011
                      65..128    xxxxxx1101
                     129..256   xxxxxxx1111

         Prefix code over the block type code alphabet for literal block
            types, appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2

         Prefix code over the block count code alphabet for literal
            block counts, appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2

         Block count code + extra bits for first literal block count,
            appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2

      1..11 bits: NBLTYPESI, number of insert-and-copy block types,
                  encoded with the same variable-length code as above

         Prefix code over the block type code alphabet for insert-and-
            copy block types, appears only if NBLTYPESI >= 2

         Prefix code over the block count code alphabet for insert-and-
            copy block counts, appears only if NBLTYPESI >= 2





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         Block count code + extra bits for first insert-and-copy block
            count, appears only if NBLTYPESI >= 2

      1..11 bits: NBLTYPESD, number of distance block types, encoded
                  with the same variable-length code as above

         Prefix code over the block type code alphabet for distance
            block types, appears only if NBLTYPESD >= 2

         Prefix code over the block count code alphabet for distance
            block counts, appears only if NBLTYPESD >= 2

         Block count code + extra bits for first distance block count,
            appears only if NBLTYPESD >= 2

      2 bits: NPOSTFIX, parameter used in the distance coding

      4 bits: four most significant bits of NDIRECT, to get the actual
              value of the parameter NDIRECT, left-shift this four-bit
              number by NPOSTFIX bits

      NBLTYPESL * 2 bits: context mode for each literal block type

      1..11 bits: NTREESL, number of literal prefix trees, encoded with
                  the same variable-length code as NBLTYPESL

         Literal context map, encoded as described in Section 7.3,
            appears only if NTREESL >= 2; otherwise, the context map has
            only zero values

      1..11 bits: NTREESD, number of distance prefix trees, encoded with
                  the same variable-length code as NBLTYPESD

         Distance context map, encoded as described in Section 7.3,
            appears only if NTREESD >= 2; otherwise, the context map has
            only zero values

      NTREESL prefix codes for literals

      NBLTYPESI prefix codes for insert-and-copy lengths

      NTREESD prefix codes for distances









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9.3.  Format of the Meta-Block Data

   The compressed data part of a meta-block consists of a series of
   commands.  Each command has the following format:

      Block type code for next insert-and-copy block type, appears only
         if NBLTYPESI >= 2 and the previous insert-and-copy block count
         is zero

      Block count code + extra bits for next insert-and-copy block
         count, appears only if NBLTYPESI >= 2 and the previous insert-
         and-copy block count is zero

      Insert-and-copy length, encoded as in Section 5, using the insert-
         and-copy length prefix code with the current insert-and-copy
         block type index

      Insert length number of literals, with the following format:

         Block type code for next literal block type, appears only if
            NBLTYPESL >= 2 and the previous literal block count is zero

         Block count code + extra bits for next literal block count,
            appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2 and the previous literal
            block count is zero

         Next byte of the uncompressed data, encoded with the literal
            prefix code with the index determined by the previous two
            bytes of the uncompressed data, the current literal block
            type, and the context map, as described in Section 7.3

      Block type code for next distance block type, appears only if
         NBLTYPESD >= 2 and the previous distance block count is zero

      Block count code + extra bits for next distance block count,
         appears only if NBLTYPESD >= 2 and the previous distance block
         count is zero

      Distance code, encoded as in Section 4, using the distance prefix
         code with the index determined by the copy length, the current
         distance block type, and the distance context map, as described
         in Section 7.3, appears only if the distance code is not an
         implicit 0, as indicated by the insert-and-copy length code








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   The number of commands in the meta-block is such that the sum of the
   uncompressed bytes produced (i.e., the number of literals inserted
   plus the number of bytes copied from past data or generated from the
   static dictionary) over all the commands gives the uncompressed
   length, MLEN encoded in the meta-block header.

   If the total number of uncompressed bytes produced after the insert
   part of the last command equals MLEN, then the copy length of the
   last command is ignored and will not produce any uncompressed output.
   In this case, the copy length of the last command can have any value.
   In any other case, if the number of literals to insert, the copy
   length, or the resulting dictionary word length would cause MLEN to
   be exceeded, then the stream should be rejected as invalid.

   If the last command of the last non-empty meta-block does not end on
   a byte boundary, the unused bits in the last byte must be zeros.

10.  Decoding Algorithm

   The decoding algorithm that produces the uncompressed data is as
   follows:

      read window size
      do
         read ISLAST bit
         if ISLAST
            read ISLASTEMPTY bit
            if ISLASTEMPTY
               break from loop
         read MNIBBLES
         if MNIBBLES is zero
            verify reserved bit is zero
            read MSKIPLEN
            skip any bits up to the next byte boundary
            skip MSKIPLEN bytes
            continue to the next meta-block
         else
            read MLEN
         if not ISLAST
            read ISUNCOMPRESSED bit
            if ISUNCOMPRESSED
               skip any bits up to the next byte boundary
               copy MLEN bytes of compressed data as literals
               continue to the next meta-block







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         loop for each three block categories (i = L, I, D)
            read NBLTYPESi
            if NBLTYPESi >= 2
               read prefix code for block types, HTREE_BTYPE_i
               read prefix code for block counts, HTREE_BLEN_i
               read block count, BLEN_i
               set block type, BTYPE_i to 0
               initialize second-to-last and last block types to 0 and 1
            else
               set block type, BTYPE_i to 0
               set block count, BLEN_i to 16777216
         read NPOSTFIX and NDIRECT
         read array of literal context modes, CMODE[]
         read NTREESL
         if NTREESL >= 2
            read literal context map, CMAPL[]
         else
            fill CMAPL[] with zeros
         read NTREESD
         if NTREESD >= 2
            read distance context map, CMAPD[]
         else
            fill CMAPD[] with zeros
         read array of literal prefix codes, HTREEL[]
         read array of insert-and-copy length prefix codes, HTREEI[]
         read array of distance prefix codes, HTREED[]
         do
            if BLEN_I is zero
               read block type using HTREE_BTYPE_I and set BTYPE_I
                  save previous block type
               read block count using HTREE_BLEN_I and set BLEN_I
            decrement BLEN_I
            read insert-and-copy length symbol using HTREEI[BTYPE_I]
            compute insert length, ILEN, and copy length, CLEN
            loop for ILEN
               if BLEN_L is zero
                  read block type using HTREE_BTYPE_L and set BTYPE_L
                     save previous block type
                  read block count using HTREE_BLEN_L and set BLEN_L
               decrement BLEN_L
               look up context mode CMODE[BTYPE_L]
               compute context ID, CIDL from last two uncompressed bytes
               read literal using HTREEL[CMAPL[64*BTYPE_L + CIDL]]
               write literal to uncompressed stream
            if number of uncompressed bytes produced in the loop for
               this meta-block is MLEN, then break from loop (in this
               case the copy length is ignored and can have any value)




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            if distance code is implicit zero from insert-and-copy code
               set backward distance to the last distance
            else
               if BLEN_D is zero
                  read block type using HTREE_BTYPE_D and set BTYPE_D
                     save previous block type
                  read block count using HTREE_BLEN_D and set BLEN_D
               decrement BLEN_D
               compute context ID, CIDD from CLEN
               read distance code using HTREED[CMAPD[4*BTYPE_D + CIDD]]
               compute distance by distance short code substitution
               if distance code is not zero,
                  and distance is not a static dictionary reference,
                  push distance to the ring buffer of last distances
            if distance is less than the max allowed distance plus one
               move backwards distance bytes in the uncompressed data,
               and copy CLEN bytes from this position to
               the uncompressed stream
            else
               look up the static dictionary word, transform the word as
               directed, and copy the result to the uncompressed stream
         while number of uncompressed bytes for this meta-block < MLEN
      while not ISLAST

   If the stream ends before the completion of the last meta-block, then
   the stream should be rejected as invalid.

   Note that a duplicated string reference may refer to a string in a
   previous meta-block, i.e., the backward distance may cross one or
   more meta-block boundaries.  However, a backward copy distance will
   not refer past the beginning of the uncompressed stream or the window
   size; any such distance is interpreted as a reference to a static
   dictionary word.  Also, note that the referenced string may overlap
   the current position, for example, if the last 2 bytes decoded have
   values X and Y, a string reference with 
   adds X,Y,X,Y,X to the uncompressed stream.

11.  Considerations for Compressor Implementations

   Since the intent of this document is to define the brotli compressed
   data format without reference to any particular compression
   algorithm, the material in this section is not part of the definition
   of the format, and a compressor need not follow it in order to be
   compliant.







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11.1.  Trivial Compressor

   In this section, we present a very simple algorithm that produces a
   valid brotli stream representing an arbitrary sequence of
   uncompressed bytes in the form of the following C++ language
   function.

      string BrotliCompressTrivial(const string& u) {
         if (u.empty()) {
            return string(1, 6);
         }
         int i;
         string c;
         c.append(1, 12);
         for (i = 0; i + 65535 < u.size(); i += 65536) {
            c.append(1, 248);
            c.append(1, 255);
            c.append(1, 15);
            c.append(&u[i], 65536);
         }
         if (i < u.size()) {
            int r = u.size() - i - 1;
            c.append(1, (r & 31) << 3);
            c.append(1, r >> 5);
            c.append(1, 8 + (r >> 13));
            c.append(&u[i], r + 1);
         }
         c.append(1, 3);
         return c;
      }

   Note that this simple algorithm does not actually compress data, that
   is, the brotli representation will always be bigger than the
   original, but it shows that every sequence of N uncompressed bytes
   can be represented with a valid brotli stream that is not longer than
   N + (3 * (N >> 16) + 5) bytes.

11.2.  Aligning Compressed Meta-Blocks to Byte Boundaries

   As described in Section 9, only those meta-blocks that immediately
   follow an uncompressed meta-block or a metadata meta-block are
   guaranteed to start on a byte boundary.  In some applications, it
   might be required that every non-metadata meta-block starts on a byte
   boundary.  This can be achieved by appending an empty metadata meta-
   block after every non-metadata meta-block that does not end on a byte
   boundary.





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11.3.  Creating Self-Contained Parts within the Compressed Data

   In some encoder implementations, it might be required to make a
   sequence of bytes within a brotli stream self-contained, that is,
   such that they can be decompressed independently from previous parts
   of the compressed data.  This is a useful feature for three reasons.
   First, if a large compressed file is damaged, it is possible to
   recover some of the file after the damage.  Second, it is useful when
   doing differential transfer of compressed data.  If a sequence of
   uncompressed bytes is unchanged and compressed independently from
   previous data, then the compressed representation may also be
   unchanged and can therefore be transferred very cheaply.  Third, if
   sequences of uncompressed bytes are compressed independently, it
   allows for parallel compression of these byte sequences within the
   same file, in addition to parallel compression of multiple files.

   Given two sequences of uncompressed bytes, U0 and U1, we will now
   describe how to create two sequences of compressed bytes, C0 and C1,
   such that the concatenation of C0 and C1 is a valid brotli stream,
   and that C0 and C1 (together with the first byte of C0 that contains
   the window size) can be decompressed independently from each other to
   U0 and U1.

   When compressing the byte sequence U0 to produce C0, we can use any
   compressor that works on the complete set of uncompressed bytes U0,
   with the following two changes.  First, the ISLAST bit of the last
   meta-block of C0 must not be set.  Second, C0 must end at a byte-
   boundary, which can be ensured by appending an empty metadata meta-
   block to it, as in Section 11.2.

   When compressing the byte sequence U1 to produce C1, we can use any
   compressor that starts a new meta-block at the beginning of U1 within
   the U0+U1 input stream, with the following two changes.  First,
   backward distances in C1 must not refer to static dictionary words or
   uncompressed bytes in U0.  Even if a sequence of bytes in U1 would
   match a static dictionary word, or a sequence of bytes that overlaps
   U0, the compressor must represent this sequence of bytes with a
   combination of literal insertions and backward references to bytes in
   U1 instead.  Second, the ring buffer of last four distances must be
   replenished first with distances in C1 before using it to encode
   other distances in C1.  Note that both compressors producing C0 and
   C1 have to use the same window size, but the stream header is emitted
   only by the compressor that produces C0.

   Note that this method can be easily generalized to more than two
   sequences of uncompressed bytes.





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12.  Security Considerations

   As with any compressed file formats, decompressor implementations
   should handle all compressed data byte sequences, not only those that
   conform to this specification, where non-conformant compressed data
   sequences should be rejected as invalid.

   A possible attack against a system containing a decompressor
   implementation (e.g., a web browser) is to exploit a buffer overflow
   triggered by invalid compressed data.  Therefore, decompressor
   implementations should perform bounds-checking for each memory access
   that result from values decoded from the compressed stream and
   derivatives thereof.

   Another possible attack against a system containing a decompressor
   implementation is to provide it (either valid or invalid) compressed
   data that can make the decompressor system's resource consumption
   (CPU, memory, or storage) to be disproportionately large compared to
   the size of the compressed data.  In addition to the size of the
   compressed data, the amount of CPU, memory, and storage required to
   decompress a single compressed meta-block within a brotli stream is
   controlled by the following two parameters: the size of the
   uncompressed meta-block, which is encoded at the start of the
   compressed meta-block, and the size of the sliding window, which is
   encoded at the start of the brotli stream.  Decompressor
   implementations in systems where memory or storage is constrained
   should perform a sanity-check on these two parameters.  The
   uncompressed meta-block size that was decoded from the compressed
   stream should be compared against either a hard limit, given by the
   system's constraints or some expectation about the uncompressed data,
   or against a certain multiple of the size of the compressed data.  If
   the uncompressed meta-block size is determined to be too high, the
   compressed data should be rejected.  Likewise, when the complete
   uncompressed stream is kept in the system containing the decompressor
   implementation, the total uncompressed size of the stream should be
   checked before decompressing each additional meta-block.  If the size
   of the sliding window that was decoded from the start of the
   compressed stream is greater than a certain soft limit, then the
   decompressor implementation should, at first, allocate a smaller
   sliding window that fits the first uncompressed meta-block, and
   afterwards, before decompressing each additional meta-block, it
   should increase the size of the sliding window until the sliding
   window size specified in the compressed data is reached.








Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 41]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


   Correspondingly, possible attacks against a system containing a
   compressor implementation (e.g., a web server) are to exploit a
   buffer overflow or cause disproportionately large resource
   consumption by providing, e.g., uncompressible data.  As described in
   Section 11.1, an output buffer of

            S(N) = N + (3 * (N >> 16) + 5)

   bytes is sufficient to hold a valid compressed brotli stream
   representing an arbitrary sequence of N uncompressed bytes.
   Therefore, compressor implementations should allocate at least S(N)
   bytes of output buffer before compressing N bytes of data with
   unknown compressibility and should perform bounds-checking for each
   write into this output buffer.  If their output buffer is full,
   compressor implementations should revert to the trivial compression
   algorithm described in Section 11.1.  The resource consumption of a
   compressor implementation for a particular input data depends mostly
   on the algorithm used to find backward matches and on the algorithm
   used to construct context maps and prefix codes and only to a lesser
   extent on the input data itself.  If the system containing a
   compressor implementation is overloaded, a possible way to reduce
   resource usage is to switch to more simple algorithms for backward
   reference search and prefix code construction, or to fall back to the
   trivial compression algorithm described in Section 11.1.

   A possible attack against a system that sends compressed data over an
   encrypted channel is the following.  An attacker who can repeatedly
   mix arbitrary (attacker-supplied) data with secret data (passwords,
   cookies) and observe the length of the ciphertext can potentially
   reconstruct the secret data.  To protect against this kind of attack,
   applications should not mix sensitive data with non-sensitive,
   potentially attacker-supplied data in the same compressed stream.

13.  IANA Considerations

   The "HTTP Content Coding Registry" has been updated with the
   registration below:

      +-------+-------------------------------------+------------+
      | Name  | Description                         | Reference  |
      +-------+-------------------------------------+------------+
      | br    | Brotli Compressed Data Format       | RFC 7932   |
      +-------+-------------------------------------+------------+








Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 42]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


14.  Informative References

   [HUFFMAN]  Huffman, D. A., "A Method for the Construction of Minimum
              Redundancy Codes", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio
              Engineers, September 1952, Vol. 40, No. 9, pp. 1098-1101.

   [LZ77]     Ziv, J. and A. Lempel, "A Universal Algorithm for
              Sequential Data Compression", IEEE Transactions on
              Information Theory, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 337-343,
              DOI 10.1109/TIT.1977.1055714, May 1977,
              <https://www.cs.duke.edu/courses/spring03/cps296.5/papers/
              ziv_lempel_1977_universal_algorithm.pdf>.

   [RFC1951]  Deutsch, P., "DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification
              version 1.3", RFC 1951, DOI 10.17487/RFC1951, May 1996,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1951>.

   [WOFF2]    Levantovsky, V., Ed., and R. Levien, Ed., "WOFF File
              Format 2.0", W3C Candidate Recommendation, March 2016,
              <http://www.w3.org/TR/WOFF2/>.































Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 43]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


Appendix A.  Static Dictionary Data

   The hexadecimal form of the DICT array is the following, where the
   length is 122,784 bytes and the CRC-32 of the byte sequence is
   0x5136cb04.

      74696d65646f776e6c6966656c6566746261636b636f64656461746173686f77
      6f6e6c7973697465636974796f70656e6a7573746c696b6566726565776f726b
      74657874796561726f766572626f64796c6f7665666f726d626f6f6b706c6179
      6c6976656c696e6568656c70686f6d65736964656d6f7265776f72646c6f6e67
      7468656d7669657766696e64706167656461797366756c6c686561647465726d
      656163686172656166726f6d747275656d61726b61626c6575706f6e68696768
      646174656c616e646e6577736576656e6e65787463617365626f7468706f7374
      757365646d61646568616e6468657265776861746e616d654c696e6b626c6f67
      73697a656261736568656c646d616b656d61696e757365722729202b686f6c64
      656e6473776974684e65777372656164776572657369676e74616b6568617665
      67616d657365656e63616c6c7061746877656c6c706c75736d656e7566696c6d
      706172746a6f696e746869736c697374676f6f646e6565647761797377657374
      6a6f62736d696e64616c736f6c6f676f72696368757365736c6173747465616d
      61726d79666f6f646b696e6777696c6c65617374776172646265737466697265
      506167656b6e6f77617761792e706e676d6f76657468616e6c6f616467697665
      73656c666e6f74656d756368666565646d616e79726f636b69636f6e6f6e6365
      6c6f6f6b6869646564696564486f6d6572756c65686f7374616a6178696e666f
      636c75626c6177736c65737368616c66736f6d65737563687a6f6e6531303025
      6f6e65736361726554696d6572616365626c7565666f75727765656b66616365
      686f706567617665686172646c6f73747768656e7061726b6b65707470617373
      73686970726f6f6d48544d4c706c616e54797065646f6e65736176656b656570
      666c61676c696e6b736f6c6466697665746f6f6b72617465746f776e6a756d70
      746875736461726b6361726466696c6566656172737461796b696c6c74686174
      66616c6c6175746f657665722e636f6d74616c6b73686f70766f746564656570
      6d6f6465726573747475726e626f726e62616e6466656c6c726f736575726c28
      736b696e726f6c65636f6d6561637473616765736d656574676f6c642e6a7067
      6974656d7661727966656c747468656e73656e6464726f7056696577636f7079
      312e30223c2f613e73746f70656c73656c696573746f75727061636b2e676966
      706173746373733f677261796d65616e2667743b7269646573686f746c617465
      73616964726f6164766172206665656c6a6f686e7269636b706f727466617374
      2755412d646561643c2f623e706f6f7262696c6c74797065552e532e776f6f64
      6d7573743270783b496e666f72616e6b7769646577616e7477616c6c6c656164
      5b305d3b7061756c776176657375726524282723776169746d61737361726d73
      676f65736761696e6c616e6770616964212d2d206c6f636b756e6974726f6f74
      77616c6b6669726d77696665786d6c22736f6e6774657374323070786b696e64
      726f7773746f6f6c666f6e746d61696c73616665737461726d617073636f7265
      7261696e666c6f77626162797370616e736179733470783b3670783b61727473
      666f6f747265616c77696b696865617473746570747269706f72672f6c616b65
      7765616b746f6c64466f726d6361737466616e7362616e6b7665727972756e73
      6a756c797461736b3170783b676f616c67726577736c6f776564676569643d22
      736574733570783b2e6a733f3430707869662028736f6f6e736561746e6f6e65
      747562657a65726f73656e747265656466616374696e746f676966746861726d



Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 44]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


      3138707863616d6568696c6c626f6c647a6f6f6d766f69646561737972696e67
      66696c6c7065616b696e6974636f73743370783b6a61636b7461677362697473
      726f6c6c656469746b6e65776e6561723c212d2d67726f774a534f4e64757479
      4e616d6573616c65796f75206c6f74737061696e6a617a7a636f6c6465796573
      666973687777772e7269736b7461627370726576313070787269736532357078
      426c756564696e673330302c62616c6c666f72646561726e77696c64626f782e
      666169726c61636b76657273706169726a756e6574656368696628217069636b
      6576696c242822237761726d6c6f7264646f657370756c6c2c30303069646561
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      0d0a0d0a636f6f6c666565742e7068703c62723e657269636d6f737467756964
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      626f79735b305d2e27293b22504f5354626561726b696473293b7d7d6d617279
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      6d696e657a683ae862617273686561723030293b6d696c6b202d2d3e69726f6e
      667265646469736b77656e74736f696c707574732f6a732f686f6c795432323a
      4953424e5432303a6164616d736565733c68323e6a736f6e272c2027636f6e74
      5432313a205253536c6f6f70617369616d6f6f6e3c2f703e736f756c4c494e45
      666f7274636172745431343a3c68313e38307078212d2d3c3970783b5430343a
      6d696b653a34365a6e696365696e6368596f726b726963657a683ae42729293b
      707572656d61676570617261746f6e65626f6e643a33375a5f6f665f275d293b
      3030302c7a683ae774616e6b79617264626f776c627573683a35365a4a617661
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      676f6c66736e6f777a683ae9717565722e6373737369636b6d6561746d696e2e
      62696e6464656c6c686972657069637372656e743a33365a485454502d323031
      666f746f776f6c66454e442078626f783a35345a424f44596469636b3b0a7d0a
      657869743a33355a7661727362656174277d293b646965743939393b616e6e65
      7d7d3c2f5b695d2e4c616e676b6dc2b277697265746f7973616464737365616c
      616c65783b0a097d6563686f6e696e652e6f726730303529746f6e796a657773
      73616e646c656773726f6f66303030292032303077696e6567656172646f6773
      626f6f74676172796375747374796c6574656d7074696f6e2e786d6c636f636b
      67616e672428272e3530707850682e446d697363616c616e6c6f616e6465736b



Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 45]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


      6d696c657279616e756e697864697363293b7d0a64757374636c6970292e0a0a
      373070782d32303044564473375d3e3c7461706564656d6f692b2b2977616765
      6575726f7068696c6f707473686f6c65464151736173696e2d3236546c616273
      7065747355524c2062756c6b636f6f6b3b7d0d0a484541445b305d2961626272
      6a75616e283139386c6573687477696e3c2f693e736f6e79677579736675636b
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      6665657361643e0d733a2f2f205b5d3b746f6c6c706c756728297b0a7b0d0a20
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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 46]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


      66726f6e7426616d703b7761746368666f726365707269636572756c65736265
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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 47]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 48]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 49]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 50]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 51]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 52]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 53]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 54]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 55]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 56]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 57]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 58]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 59]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 60]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 61]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 62]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 63]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 64]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 65]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 66]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 67]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 68]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 69]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 70]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 71]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 72]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 73]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 74]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 75]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 76]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 77]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 78]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 79]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 80]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 81]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 82]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 83]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 84]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 85]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 86]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 87]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 88]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 89]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 90]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 91]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 92]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 93]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 94]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 95]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 96]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 97]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 98]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                    [Page 99]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 100]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 101]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 102]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 103]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 104]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 105]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 106]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 107]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 108]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 109]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 110]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 111]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 112]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 113]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 114]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 115]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 116]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 117]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 118]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 119]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 120]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 121]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 122]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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Alakuijala & Szabadka         Informational                   [Page 123]

---

RFC 7932                         Brotli                        July 2016


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      a4b5e0a4bee0a488e0a4b8e0a495e0a58de0a4b0e0a4bfe0a4afe0a4a4e0a4be

   The number of words for each length is given by the following bit-
   depth array:

      NDBITS :=  0,  0,  0,  0, 10, 10, 11, 11, 10, 10,
                10, 10, 10,  9,  9,  8,  7,  7,  8,  7,
                 7,  6,  6,  5,  5

Appendix B.  List of Word Transformations

   The string literals are in C format, with respect to the use of
   backslash escape characters.

   In order to generate a length and check value, the transforms can be
   converted to a series of bytes, where each transform is the prefix
   sequence of bytes plus a terminating zero byte, a single-byte value
   identifying the transform, and the suffix sequence of bytes plus a
   terminating zero.  The value for the transforms are 0 for Identity, 1
   for FermentFirst, 2 for FermentAll, 3 to 11 for OmitFirst1 to
   OmitFirst9, and 12 to 20 for OmitLast1 to OmitLast9.  The byte
   sequences that represent the 121 transforms are then concatenated to
   a single sequence of bytes.  The length of that sequence is 648
   bytes, and the CRC-32 is 0x3d965f81.

          ID       Prefix     Transform            Suffix
          --       ------     ---------            ------
           0           ""     Identity                 ""
           1           ""     Identity                " "
           2          " "     Identity                " "
           3           ""     OmitFirst1               ""
           4           ""     FermentFirst            " "
           5           ""     Identity            " the "
           6          " "     Identity                 ""
           7         "s "     Identity                " "
           8           ""     Identity             " of "
           9           ""     FermentFirst             ""
          10           ""     Identity            " and "
          11           ""     OmitFirst2               ""
          12           ""     OmitLast1                ""
          13         ", "     Identity                " "
          14           ""     Identity               ", "
          15          " "     FermentFirst            " "
          16           ""     Identity             " in "
          17           ""     Identity             " to "
          18         "e "     Identity                " "



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          19           ""     Identity               "\""
          20           ""     Identity                "."
          21           ""     Identity              "\">"
          22           ""     Identity               "\n"
          23           ""     OmitLast3                ""
          24           ""     Identity                "]"
          25           ""     Identity            " for "
          26           ""     OmitFirst3               ""
          27           ""     OmitLast2                ""
          28           ""     Identity              " a "
          29           ""     Identity           " that "
          30          " "     FermentFirst             ""
          31           ""     Identity               ". "
          32          "."     Identity                 ""
          33          " "     Identity               ", "
          34           ""     OmitFirst4               ""
          35           ""     Identity           " with "
          36           ""     Identity                "'"
          37           ""     Identity           " from "
          38           ""     Identity             " by "
          39           ""     OmitFirst5               ""
          40           ""     OmitFirst6               ""
          41      " the "     Identity                 ""
          42           ""     OmitLast4                ""
          43           ""     Identity           ". The "
          44           ""     FermentAll               ""
          45           ""     Identity             " on "
          46           ""     Identity             " as "
          47           ""     Identity             " is "
          48           ""     OmitLast7                ""
          49           ""     OmitLast1            "ing "
          50           ""     Identity             "\n\t"
          51           ""     Identity                ":"
          52          " "     Identity               ". "
          53           ""     Identity              "ed "
          54           ""     OmitFirst9               ""
          55           ""     OmitFirst7               ""
          56           ""     OmitLast6                ""
          57           ""     Identity                "("
          58           ""     FermentFirst           ", "
          59           ""     OmitLast8                ""
          60           ""     Identity             " at "
          61           ""     Identity              "ly "
          62      " the "     Identity             " of "
          63           ""     OmitLast5                ""
          64           ""     OmitLast9                ""
          65          " "     FermentFirst           ", "
          66           ""     FermentFirst           "\""



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          67          "."     Identity                "("
          68           ""     FermentAll            " "
          69           ""     FermentFirst          "\">"
          70           ""     Identity              "=\""
          71          " "     Identity                "."
          72      ".com/"     Identity                 ""
          73      " the "     Identity         " of the "
          74           ""     FermentFirst            "'"
          75           ""     Identity          ". This "
          76           ""     Identity                ","
          77          "."     Identity                " "
          78           ""     FermentFirst            "("
          79           ""     FermentFirst            "."
          80           ""     Identity            " not "
          81          " "     Identity              "=\""
          82           ""     Identity              "er "
          83          " "     FermentAll              " "
          84           ""     Identity              "al "
          85          " "     FermentAll               ""
          86           ""     Identity               "='"
          87           ""     FermentAll             "\""
          88           ""     FermentFirst           ". "
          89          " "     Identity                "("
          90           ""     Identity             "ful "
          91          " "     FermentFirst           ". "
          92           ""     Identity             "ive "
          93           ""     Identity            "less "
          94           ""     FermentAll              "'"
          95           ""     Identity             "est "
          96          " "     FermentFirst            "."
          97           ""     FermentAll            "\">"
          98          " "     Identity               "='"
          99           ""     FermentFirst            ","
         100           ""     Identity             "ize "
         101           ""     FermentAll              "."
         102   "\xc2\xa0"   Identity                 ""
         103          " "     Identity                ","
         104           ""     FermentFirst          "=\""
         105           ""     FermentAll            "=\""
         106           ""     Identity             "ous "
         107           ""     FermentAll             ", "
         108           ""     FermentFirst           "='"
         109          " "     FermentFirst            ","
         110          " "     FermentAll            "=\""
         111          " "     FermentAll             ", "
         112           ""     FermentAll              ","
         113           ""     FermentAll              "("
         114           ""     FermentAll             ". "



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         115          " "     FermentAll              "."
         116           ""     FermentAll             "='"
         117          " "     FermentAll             ". "
         118          " "     FermentFirst          "=\""
         119          " "     FermentAll             "='"
         120          " "     FermentFirst           "='"

Appendix C.  Computing CRC-32 Check Values

   For the purpose of this specification, we define the CRC-32 check
   value of a byte sequence with the following C language function:

     uint32_t CRC32(const uint8_t* v, const int len) {
        const uint32_t poly = 0xedb88320UL;
        uint32_t crc, c;
        int i, k;
        crc = 0xffffffffUL;
        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
           c = (crc ^ v[i]) & 0xff;
           for (k = 0; k < 8; k++) c = c & 1 ? poly ^ (c >> 1) : c >> 1;
           crc = c ^ (crc >> 8);
        }
        return crc ^ 0xffffffffUL;
     }

Appendix D. Source Code

   Source code for a C language implementation of a brotli-compliant
   compressor and decompressor is available in the brotli open-source
   project <https://github.com/google/brotli>.

Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to thank Mark Adler, Eugene Kliuchnikov,
   Robert Obryk, Thomas Pickert, Joe Tsai, and Lode Vandevenne for
   providing helpful review comments, validating the specification by
   writing an independent decompressor, and suggesting improvements to
   the format and the text of the specification.













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Authors' Addresses

   Jyrki Alakuijala
   Google, Inc.

   Email: jyrki@google.com


   Zoltan Szabadka
   Google, Inc.

   Email: szabadka@google.com







































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