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hosts.equiv(5)
hosts.equiv(5) File Formats hosts.equiv(5)
NAME
hosts.equiv, rhosts - trusted remote hosts and users
DESCRIPTION
The /etc/hosts.equiv and .rhosts files provide the "remote authentica‐
tion" database for rlogin(1), rsh(1), rcp(1), and rcmd(3C). The files
specify remote hosts and users that are considered "trusted". Trusted
users are allowed to access the local system without supplying a pass‐
word. The library routine ruserok() (see rcmd(3C)) performs the authen‐
tication procedure for programs by using the /etc/hosts.equiv and
.rhosts files. The /etc/hosts.equiv file applies to the entire system,
while individual users can maintain their own .rhosts files in their
home directories.
These files bypass the standard password-based user authentication
mechanism. To maintain system security, care must be taken in creating
and maintaining these files.
The remote authentication procedure determines whether a user from a
remote host should be allowed to access the local system with the iden‐
tity of a local user. This procedure first checks the /etc/hosts.equiv
file and then checks the .rhosts file in the home directory of the
local user who is requesting access. Entries in these files can be of
two forms. Positive entries allow access, while negative entries deny
access. The authentication succeeds when a matching positive entry is
found. The procedure fails when the first matching negative entry is
found, or if no matching entries are found in either file. The order of
entries is important. If the files contain both positive and negative
entries, the entry that appears first will prevail. The rsh(1) and
rcp(1) programs fail if the remote authentication procedure fails. The
rlogin program falls back to the standard password-based login proce‐
dure if the remote authentication fails.
Both files are formatted as a list of one-line entries. Each entry has
the form:
hostname [username]
Hostnames must be the official name of the host, not one of its nick‐
names.
Negative entries are differentiated from positive entries by a '−'
character preceding either the hostname or username field.
Positive Entries
If the form:
hostname
is used, then users from the named host are trusted. That is, they may
access the system with the same user name as they have on the remote
system. This form may be used in both the /etc/hosts.equiv and .rhosts
files.
If the line is in the form:
hostname username
then the named user from the named host can access the system. This
form may be used in individual .rhosts files to allow remote users to
access the system as a different local user. If this form is used in
the /etc/hosts.equiv file, the named remote user will be allowed to
access the system as any local user.
netgroup(5) can be used in either the hostname or username fields to
match a number of hosts or users in one entry. The form:
+@netgroup
allows access from all hosts in the named netgroup. When used in the
username field, netgroups allow a group of remote users to access the
system as a particular local user. The form:
hostname +@netgroup
allows all of the users in the named netgroup from the named host to
access the system as the local user. The form:
+@netgroup1 +@netgroup2
allows the users in netgroup2 from the hosts in netgroup1 to access the
system as the local user.
The special character '+' can be used in place of either hostname or
username to match any host or user. For example, the entry
+
will allow a user from any remote host to access the system with the
same username. The entry
+ username
will allow the named user from any remote host to access the system.
The entry
hostname +
will allow any user from the named host to access the system as the
local user.
Negative Entries
Negative entries are preceded by a '−' sign. The form:
−hostname
will disallow all access from the named host. The form:
−@netgroup
means that access is explicitly disallowed from all hosts in the named
netgroup. The form:
hostname −username
disallows access by the named user only from the named host, while the
form:
+ −@netgroup
will disallow access by all of the users in the named netgroup from all
hosts.
Search Sequence
To help maintain system security, the /etc/hosts.equiv file is not
checked when access is being attempted for root. If the user attempting
access is not the root, /etc/hosts.equiv is searched for lines of the
form described above.
Checks are made for lines in this file in the following order:
1. +
2. +@netgroup
3. −@netgroup
4. −hostname
5. hostname
The user is granted access if a positive match occurs. Negative entries
apply only to /etc/hosts.equiv and may be overridden by subsequent
.rhosts entries.
If no positive match occurred, the .rhosts file is then searched if the
user attempting access maintains such a file. This file is searched
whether or not the user attempting access is the root. As a security
feature, the .rhosts file must be owned by the user who is attempting
access.
Checks are made for lines in .rhosts in the following order:
1. +
2. +@netgroup
3. −@netgroup
4. −hostname
5. hostname
FILES
/etc/hosts.equiv system trusted hosts and users
~/.rhosts user's trusted hosts and users
SEE ALSO
rcp(1), rlogin(1), rsh(1), rcmd(3C), hosts(5), netgroup(5), passwd(5),
pam_rhosts_auth(7)
NOTES
The PAM configuration of pam_rhosts_auth(7) can cause the hosts.equiv
support to be disabled.
WARNINGS
Positive entries in /etc/hosts.equiv that include a username field
(either an individual named user, a netgroup, or '+' sign) should be
used with extreme caution. Because /etc/hosts.equiv applies system-
wide, these entries allow one, or a group of, remote users to access
the system as any local user. This can be a security hole. For example,
because of the search sequence, an /etc/hosts.equiv file consisting of
the entries
+
−hostxxx
will not deny access to "hostxxx".
Oracle Solaris 11.4 27 Nov 2017 hosts.equiv(5)