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hosts(5)
hosts(5) File Formats hosts(5)
NAME
hosts - host name database
SYNOPSIS
/etc/inet/hosts
/etc/hosts
/etc/inet/ipnodes
DESCRIPTION
The hosts file is a local database that associates the names of hosts
with their Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. An IP address can be in
either IPv4 or IPv6 format. The hosts file can be used in conjunction
with, or instead of, other hosts databases, including the Domain Name
System (DNS), the NIS hosts map, or information from an LDAP server.
Programs use library interfaces to access information in the hosts
file.
Note that /etc/hosts and /etc/inet/ipnodes are symbolic links to
/etc/inet/hosts.
The hosts file has one entry for each IP address of each host. If a
host has more than one IP address, it will have one entry for each, on
consecutive lines. The format of each line is:
IP-address official-host-name nicknames...
Items are separated by any number of SPACE and/or TAB characters. The
first item on a line is the host's IP address. The second entry is the
host's official name. Subsequent entries on the same line are alterna‐
tive names for the same machine, or "nicknames." Nicknames are
optional.
For a host with more than one IP address, consecutive entries for these
addresses may contain the same or differing nicknames. Different nick‐
names are useful for assigning distinct names to different addresses.
A call to gethostbyname(3C) returns a hostent structure containing the
union of all IPv4 addresses and nicknames from each line containing a
matching official name or nickname. A call to getipnodebyname(3C) is
similar, but is capable of returning hostent structures containing IPv4
and IPv6 addresses. Applications might prefer to use the address-family
independent getaddrinfo(3C) API for name-to-address lookups.
A '#' indicates the beginning of a comment; characters up to the end of
the line are not interpreted by routines that search the file.
Network addresses are written in one of two ways:
o The conventional IPv4 "decimal dot" notation and interpreted
using the inet_addr(3C) routine.
o The IPv6 notation, defined in RFC 1884 and interpreted using
the inet_pton(3C) routine.
This interface supports node names as defined in Internet RFC 952,
which states:
A "name" (Net, Host, or Domain name) is a text string up to 24 charac‐
ters drawn from the alphabet (A-Z), digits (0-9), minus sign (−), and
period (.). Note that periods are only allowed when they serve to
delimit components of "domain style names". (See RFC 921, "Domain Name
System Implementation Schedule," for background). No blank or space
characters are permitted as part of a name. No distinction is made
between uppercase and lowercase. The first character must be an alpha
character or a digit. [RFC 1123 relaxed RFC 952's limitation of the
first character to only alpha characters.] The last character must not
be a minus sign or period.
Host names must not consist of numbers only. A host name must contain
at least one alphabetical or special character.
Single character names or nicknames are not allowed.
EXAMPLES
Example 1 Example IPv4 hosts File Entry
The following is an example of an IPv4 entry from the hosts file:
192.0.2.20 gaia.example.com gaia # John Smith
Example 2 Example IPv6 Address Entry
The following is an example of an IPv6 hosts entry:
2001:db8:3c4d:55:a00:20ff:fe8e:f3ad myhost.example.com myhost # John Smith
Example 3 Server with multiple interfaces
The following example shows multiple interfaces with the same hostname:
192.0.2.1 server.example.com server1int1
198.51.100.1 server.example.com server1int2
SEE ALSO
getaddrinfo(3C), gethostbyname(3C), getipnodebyname(3C), inet(3C),
nsswitch.conf(5), resolv.conf(5)
Braden, B., editor, RFC 1123, Requirements for Internet Hosts - Appli‐
cation and Support, Network Working Group, October, 1989.
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123
Harrenstien, K., Stahl, M., and Feinler, E., RFC 952, DOD Internet Host
Table Specification, Network Working Group, October 1985.
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc952
Hinden, R., and Deering, S., editors, RFC 1884, IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture, Network Working Group, December, 1995.
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1884
Postel, Jon, RFC 921, Domain Name System Implementation Schedule
(Revised), Network Working Group, October 1984.
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc921
NOTES
/etc/inet/hosts is the official SVR4 name of the hosts file. The sym‐
bolic link /etc/hosts exists for BSD compatibility.
The symbolic link /etc/net/ipnodes exists for backward compatibility
with previous Solaris releases.
Oracle Solaris 11.4 11 May 2021 hosts(5)