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stdio(3)
STDIO(3) Linux Programmer's Manual STDIO(3)
NAME
stdio - standard input/output library functions
SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
FILE *stdin;
FILE *stdout;
FILE *stderr;
DESCRIPTION
The standard I/O library provides a simple and efficient buffered
stream I/O interface. Input and output is mapped into logical data
streams and the physical I/O characteristics are concealed. The func‐
tions and macros are listed below; more information is available from
the individual man pages.
A stream is associated with an external file (which may be a physical
device) by opening a file, which may involve creating a new file. Cre‐
ating an existing file causes its former contents to be discarded. If
a file can support positioning requests (such as a disk file, as
opposed to a terminal), then a file position indicator associated with
the stream is positioned at the start of the file (byte zero), unless
the file is opened with append mode. If append mode is used, it is
unspecified whether the position indicator will be placed at the start
or the end of the file. The position indicator is maintained by subse‐
quent reads, writes and positioning requests. All input occurs as if
the characters were read by successive calls to the fgetc(3) function;
all output takes place as if all characters were written by successive
calls to the fputc(3) function.
A file is disassociated from a stream by closing the file. Output
streams are flushed (any unwritten buffer contents are transferred to
the host environment) before the stream is disassociated from the file.
The value of a pointer to a FILE object is indeterminate after a file
is closed (garbage).
A file may be subsequently reopened, by the same or another program
execution, and its contents reclaimed or modified (if it can be reposi‐
tioned at the start). If the main function returns to its original
caller, or the exit(3) function is called, all open files are closed
(hence all output streams are flushed) before program termination.
Other methods of program termination, such as abort(3) do not bother
about closing files properly.
At program startup, three text streams are predefined and need not be
opened explicitly: standard input (for reading conventional input),
standard output (for writing conventional output), and standard error
(for writing diagnostic output). These streams are abbreviated stdin,
stdout, and stderr. When opened, the standard error stream is not
fully buffered; the standard input and output streams are fully
buffered if and only if the streams do not refer to an interactive
device.
Output streams that refer to terminal devices are always line buffered
by default; pending output to such streams is written automatically
whenever an input stream that refers to a terminal device is read. In
cases where a large amount of computation is done after printing part
of a line on an output terminal, it is necessary to fflush(3) the stan‐
dard output before going off and computing so that the output will
appear.
The stdio library is a part of the library libc and routines are auto‐
matically loaded as needed by cc(1). The SYNOPSIS sections of the fol‐
lowing manual pages indicate which include files are to be used, what
the compiler declaration for the function looks like and which external
variables are of interest.
The following are defined as macros; these names may not be reused
without first removing their current definitions with #undef: BUFSIZ,
EOF, FILENAME_MAX, FOPEN_MAX, L_cuserid, L_ctermid, L_tmpnam, NULL,
SEEK_END, SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, TMP_MAX, clearerr, feof, ferror, fileno,
getc, getchar, putc, putchar, stderr, stdin, stdout. Function versions
of the macro functions feof, ferror, clearerr, fileno, getc, getchar,
putc, and putchar exist and will be used if the macros definitions are
explicitly removed.
List of functions
; lb lb l l. Function Description _ clearerr(3) check and reset
stream status fclose(3) close a stream fdopen(3) stream open functions
feof(3) check and reset stream status ferror(3) check and reset
stream status fflush(3) flush a stream fgetc(3) get next character or
word from input stream fgetpos(3) reposition a stream fgets(3) get
a line from a stream fileno(3) return the integer descriptor of the
argument stream fopen(3) stream open functions fprintf(3) format‐
ted output conversion fpurge(3) flush a stream fputc(3) output a char‐
acter or word to a stream fputs(3) output a line to a stream
fread(3) binary stream input/output freopen(3) stream open func‐
tions fscanf(3) input format conversion fseek(3) reposition a stream
fsetpos(3) reposition a stream ftell(3) reposition a stream
fwrite(3) binary stream input/output getc(3) get next character or
word from input stream getchar(3) get next character or word from
input stream gets(3) get a line from a stream getw(3) get next
character or word from input stream mktemp(3) make temporary filename
(unique) perror(3) system error messages printf(3) formatted output
conversion putc(3) output a character or word to a stream
putchar(3) output a character or word to a stream puts(3) output
a line to a stream putw(3) output a character or word to a stream
remove(3) remove directory entry rewind(3) reposition a stream
scanf(3) input format conversion setbuf(3) stream buffering operations
setbuffer(3) stream buffering operations setlinebuf(3) stream
buffering operations setvbuf(3) stream buffering operations
sprintf(3) formatted output conversion sscanf(3) input format con‐
version strerror(3) system error messages sys_errlist(3) system
error messages sys_nerr(3) system error messages tempnam(3) tem‐
porary file routines tmpfile(3) temporary file routines tmp‐
nam(3) temporary file routines ungetc(3) un-get character from input
stream vfprintf(3) formatted output conversion vfscanf(3) input
format conversion vprintf(3) formatted output conversion
vscanf(3) input format conversion vsprintf(3) formatted output con‐
version vsscanf(3) input format conversion
CONFORMING TO
The stdio library conforms to C89.
SEE ALSO
close(2), open(2), read(2), write(2), stdout(3), unlocked_stdio(3)
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 5.02 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
latest version of this page, can be found at
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
2017-11-26 STDIO(3)