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route(4p)
route(4P) Network Protocols route(4P)
NAME
route - kernel packet forwarding database
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <net/if.h>
#include <net/route.h>
int socket(PF_ROUTE, SOCK_RAW, int protocol);
DESCRIPTION
UNIX provides some packet routing facilities. The kernel maintains a
routing information database, which is used in selecting the appropri‐
ate network interface when transmitting packets.
A user process (or possibly multiple cooperating processes) maintains
this database by sending messages over a special kind of socket. This
supplants fixed size ioctl(2)'s specified in routing(4P). Routing table
changes require the {PRIV_SYS_IP_CONFIG} privilege.
The operating system might spontaneously emit routing messages in re‐
sponse to external events, such as receipt of a re-direct, or failure
to locate a suitable route for a request. The message types are de‐
scribed in greater detail below.
Routing database entries come in two flavors: entries for a specific
host, or entries for all hosts on a generic subnetwork (as specified by
a bit mask and value under the mask). The effect of wildcard or default
route can be achieved by using a mask of all zeros, and there can be
hierarchical routes.
When the system is booted and addresses are assigned to the network in‐
terfaces, the internet protocol family installs a routing table entry
for each interface when it is ready for traffic. Normally the protocol
specifies the route through each interface as a direct connection to
the destination host or network. If the route is direct, the transport
layer of a protocol family usually requests the packet be sent to the
same host specified in the packet. Otherwise, the interface is re‐
quested to address the packet to the gateway listed in the routing en‐
try, that is, the packet is forwarded.
When routing a packet, the kernel attempts to find the most specific
route matching the destination. If no entry is found, the destination
is declared to be unreachable, and a routing-miss message is generated
if there are any listeners on the routing control socket (described be‐
low). If there are two different mask and value-under-the-mask pairs
that match, the more specific is the one with more bits in the mask. A
route to a host is regarded as being supplied with a mask of as many
ones as there are bits in the destination.
A wildcard routing entry is specified with a zero destination address
value, and a mask of all zeroes. Wildcard routes are used when the sys‐
tem fails to find other routes matching the destination. The combina‐
tion of wildcard routes and routing redirects can provide an economical
mechanism for routing traffic.
One opens the channel for passing routing control messages by using the
socket call. There can be more than one routing socket open per system.
Messages are formed by a header followed by a small number of sockad‐
drs, whose length depend on the address family. sockaddrs are inter‐
preted by position. An example of a type of message with three ad‐
dresses might be a CIDR prefix route: Destination, Netmask, and Gate‐
way. The interpretation of which addresses are present is given by a
bit mask within the header, and the sequence is least significant to
most significant bit within the vector.
Any messages sent to the kernel are returned, and copies are sent to
all interested listeners. The kernel provides the process ID of the
sender, and the sender can use an additional sequence field to distin‐
guish between outstanding messages. However, message replies can be
lost when kernel buffers are exhausted.
The protocol parameter specifies which messages an application listen‐
ing on the routing socket is interested in seeing, based on the address
family of the sockaddrs present. Currently, you can specify AF_INET and
AF_INET6 to filter the messages seen by the listener, or alternatively,
you can specify AF_UNSPEC to indicate that the listener is interested
in all routing messages.
The kernel might reject certain messages, and indicates this by filling
in the rtm_errno field of the rt_msghdr struct (see below). The follow‐
ing codes are returned:
EEXIST If requested to duplicate an existing entry
ESRCH If requested to delete a non-existent entry
ENOBUFS If insufficient resources were available to install a new
route.
EPERM If the calling process does not have appropriate privileges
to alter the routing table.
In the current implementation, all routing processes run locally, and
the values for rtm_errno are available through the normal errno mecha‐
nism, even if the routing reply message is lost.
A process can avoid the expense of reading replies to its own messages
by issuing a setsockopt(3C) call indicating that the SO_USELOOPBACK op‐
tion at the SOL_SOCKET level is to be turned off. A process can ignore
all messages from the routing socket by doing a shutdown(3C) system
call for further input.
By default, underlying IP interfaces in an IPMP group are not visible
to routing sockets. As such, routing sockets do not receive events re‐
lated to underlying IP interface in an IPMP group. For consistency,
when an IP interface is placed into an IPMP group, RTM_DELADDR messages
are generated for each IFF_UP address that is not migrated to the cor‐
responding IPMP IP interface and an RTM_IFINFO message is sent indicat‐
ing the interface is down. Similarly, when an underlying interface is
removed from an IPMP group, an RTM_IFINFO message is sent indicating
the interface is again up and RTM_NEWADDR messages are generated for
each IFF_UP address found on the interface.
The RT_AWARE socket option at the SOL_ROUTE level allows an application
to indicate its awareness of certain features, which control routing
socket behavior. The supported values are:
RTAW_DEFAULT Default awareness.
RTAW_UNDER_IPMP IPMP underlying interface awareness. When enabled,
underlying IP interfaces in an IPMP group remain
visible to the routing socket and events related to
them continue to be generated.
An RTM_ADD request tied to an underlying IP interface in an IPMP group
is translated to an RTM_ADD request for its corresponding IPMP IP in‐
terface. All routing socket requests other than RTM_ADD and RTM_GET
fail when issued on an underlying IP interface in an IPMP group.
If a route is in use when it is deleted, the routing entry is marked
down and removed from the routing table, but the resources associated
with it are not reclaimed until all references to it are released.
The RTM_IFINFO, RTM_NEWADDR, and RTM_ADD messages associated with in‐
terface configuration (setting the IFF_UP bit) are normally delayed un‐
til after Duplicate Address Detection completes. Thus, applications
that configure interfaces and wish to wait until the interface is ready
can wait until RTM_IFINFO is returned and SIOCGLIFFLAGS shows that
IFF_DUPLICATE is not set.
Messages
User processes can obtain information about the routing entry to a spe‐
cific destination by using a RTM_GET message.
Messages include:
#define RTM_ADD 0x1 /* Add Route */
#define RTM_DELETE 0x2 /* Delete Route */
#define RTM_CHANGE 0x3 /* Change Metrics, Flags, or Gateway */
#define RTM_GET 0x4 /* Report Information */
#define RTM_LOSING 0x5 /* Kernel Suspects Partitioning */
#define RTM_REDIRECT 0x6 /* Told to use different route */
#define RTM_MISS 0x7 /* Lookup failed on this address */
#define RTM_LOCK 0x8 /* fix specified metrics */
#define RTM_OLDADD 0x9 /* caused by SIOCADDRT */
#define RTM_OLDDEL 0xa /* caused by SIOCDELRT */
#define RTM_RESOLVE 0xb /* request to resolve dst to LL addr */
#define RTM_NEWADDR 0xc /* address being added to iface */
#define RTM_DELADDR 0xd /* address being removed from iface */
#define RTM_IFINFO 0xe /* iface going up/down etc. */
A message header consists of:
struct rt_msghdr {
ushort_t rtm_msglen; /* to skip over non-understood messages */
uchar_t rtm_version; /* future binary compatibility */
uchar_t rtm_type; /* message type */
ushort_t rtm_index; /* index for associated ifp */
int rtm_flags; /* flags, incl kern & message, e.g., DONE */
int rtm_addrs; /* bitmask identifying sockaddrs in msg */
pid_t rtm_pid; /* identify sender */
int rtm_seq; /* for sender to identify action */
int rtm_errno; /* why failed */
int rtm_use; /* from rtentry */
uint_t rtm_inits; /* which values we are initializing */
struct rt_metrics rtm_rmx; /* metrics themselves */
};
where
struct rt_metrics {
uint32_t rmx_locks; /* Kernel must leave these values alone */
uint32_t rmx_mtu; /* MTU for this path */
uint32_t rmx_hopcount; /* max hops expected */
uint32_t rmx_expire; /* lifetime for route, e.g., redirect */
uint32_t rmx_recvpipe; /* inbound delay-bandwidth product */
uint32_t rmx_sendpipe; /* outbound delay-bandwidth product */
uint32_t rmx_ssthresh; /* outbound gateway buffer limit */
uint32_t rmx_rtt; /* estimated round trip time */
uint32_t rmx_rttvar; /* estimated rtt variance */
uint32_t rmx_pksent; /* packets sent using this route */
};
/* Flags include the values */
#define RTF_UP 0x1 /* route usable */
#define RTF_GATEWAY 0x2 /* destination is a gateway */
#define RTF_HOST 0x4 /* host entry (net otherwise) */
#define RTF_REJECT 0x8 /* host or net unreachable */
#define RTF_DYNAMIC 0x10 /* created dynamically(by redirect) */
#define RTF_MODIFIED 0x20 /* modified dynamically(by redirect) */
#define RTF_DONE 0x40 /* message confirmed */
#define RTF_MASK 0x80 /* subnet mask present */
#define RTF_CLONING 0x100 /* generate new routes on use */
#define RTF_XRESOLVE 0x200 /* external daemon resolves name */
#define RTF_LLINFO 0x400 /* generated by ARP */
#define RTF_STATIC 0x800 /* manually added */
#define RTF_BLACKHOLE 0x1000 /* just discard pkts (during updates) */
#define RTF_PRIVATE 0x2000 /* do not advertise this route */
#define RTF_PROTO2 0x4000 /* protocol specific routing flag #2 */
#define RTF_PROTO1 0x8000 /* protocol specific routing flag #1 */
#define RTF_MULTIRT 0x10000 /* multiroute */
#define RTF_SETSRC 0x20000 /* set default outgoing src address */
#define RTF_INDIRECT 0x40000 /* gateway not directly reachable */
#define RTF_KERNEL 0x80000 /* created by kernel; can't delete */
/* Specifiers for metric values in rmx_locks and rtm_inits are */
#define RTV_MTU 0x1 /* init or lock _mtu */
#define RTV_HOPCOUNT 0x2 /* init or lock _hopcount */
#define RTV_EXPIRE 0x4 /* init or lock _expire */
#define RTV_RPIPE 0x8 /* init or lock _recvpipe */
#define RTV_SPIPE 0x10 /* init or lock _sendpipe */
#define RTV_SSTHRESH 0x20 /* init or lock _ssthresh */
#define RTV_RTT 0x40 /* init or lock _rtt */
#define RTV_RTTVAR 0x80 /* init or lock _rttvar */
/* Specifiers for which addresses are present in the messages are */
#define RTA_DST 0x1 /* destination sockaddr present */
#define RTA_GATEWAY 0x2 /* gateway sockaddr present */
#define RTA_NETMASK 0x4 /* netmask sockaddr present */
#define RTA_GENMASK 0x8 /* cloning mask sockaddr present */
#define RTA_IFP 0x10 /* interface name sockaddr present */
#define RTA_IFA 0x20 /* interface addr sockaddr present */
#define RTA_AUTHOR 0x40 /* sockaddr for author of redirect */
#define RTA_BRD 0x80 /* for NEWADDR, broadcast or p-p dest addr */
SEE ALSO
ioctl(2), setsockopt(3C), shutdown(3C), routing(4P), privileges(7)
NOTES
Some of the metrics might not be implemented and return zero. The im‐
plemented metrics are set in rtm_inits.
The RTF_INDIRECT flag allows adding routes where the gateway is not di‐
rectly reachable. When an indirect route is the best match for a packet
to be sent or forwarded, then IP proceeds to lookup that gateway to
find a route that is directly reachable. The RTF_INDIRECT flag can be
used even if the gateway is directly reachable.
When the routing table contains several equal routes, that is, routes
for the same destination and mask, then IP attempts to spread the traf‐
fic over those routes. The spreading is such that an individual trans‐
port connection uses the same route to avoid packet reordering as seen
by e.g., TCP. The details of the spreading algorithm is not documented
and is likely to evolve over time.
Oracle Solaris 11.4 28 Aug 2024 route(4P)