ls(1) 맨 페이지 - 윈디하나의 솔라나라

개요

섹션
맨 페이지 이름
검색(S)

ls(1)

ls(1)                            User Commands                           ls(1)



NAME
       ls - list contents of directory

SYNOPSIS
       /usr/bin/ls [-aAbcCdeEfFghHiklLmnopqrRsStuUwvVx1@]
            [-/ c | -/v] [-% atime | crtime | ctime | mtime | all]
            [--block-size size] [--color[=when]] [--file-type]
            [--scale[=item1,item2,...]] [--si] [--time-style style]
            [file]...


       /usr/xpg4/bin/ls [-aAbcCdeEfFghHiklLmnopqrRsStuUwvVx1@]
            [-/ c | -/v] [-% atime | crtime | ctime | mtime | all]
            [--block-size size] [--color[=when]] [--file-type]
            [--scale[=item1,item2,...]] [--si] [--time-style style]
            [file]...


       /usr/xpg6/bin/ls [-aAbcCdeEfFghHiklLmnopqrRsStuUwvVx1@]
            [-/ c | -/v] [-% atime | crtime | ctime | mtime | all]
            [--block-size size] [--color[=when]] [--file-type]
            [--scale[=item1,item2,...]] [--si] [--time-style style]
            [file]...

DESCRIPTION
       For  each file that is a directory, ls lists the contents of the direc‐
       tory. For each file that is an ordinary file, ls repeats its  name  and
       any other information requested. The output is sorted alphabetically by
       default. When no argument  is  given,  the  current  directory  (.)  is
       listed.  When  several  arguments  are  given,  the arguments are first
       sorted appropriately, but file arguments appear before directories  and
       their contents.


       There  are  three  major listing formats. The default format for output
       directed to a terminal is multi−column with  entries  sorted  down  the
       columns.  The  -1  option  allows  single  column output and -m enables
       stream output format. In order to determine output formats for the  -C,
       -x, and -m options, ls uses an environment variable, COLUMNS, to deter‐
       mine the number of character positions available on one output line. If
       this variable is not set, the terminfo(5) database is used to determine
       the number of columns, based on the environment variable, TERM. If this
       information  cannot  be  obtained,  80  columns  are assumed. If the -w
       option is used, the argument overrides any other column width.


       The mode printed when the -e, -E, -g, -l, -n, -o, -v, -V, or -@  option
       is  in effect consists of eleven characters. The first character can be
       one of the following:

       d       The entry is a directory.


       D       The entry is a door.


       l       The entry is a symbolic link.


       b       The entry is a block special file.


       c       The entry is a character special file.


       p       The entry is a FIFO (or "named pipe") special file.


       P       The entry is an event port.


       s       The entry is an AF_UNIX address family socket.


       −       The entry is an ordinary file.



       The next 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of three bits each.
       The  first  set  refers to the owner's permissions; the next to permis‐
       sions of others in the user-group of the file; and the last to all oth‐
       ers. Within each set, the three characters indicate permission to read,
       to write, and to execute the file as a  program,  respectively.  For  a
       directory,  execute  permission  is  interpreted  to mean permission to
       search the directory for a specified file. The character after  permis‐
       sions  is an ACL or extended attributes indicator. This character is an
       @ if extended attributes are associated with the file and the -@ option
       is in effect. Otherwise, this character is a plus sign (+) character if
       a non-trivial ACL is associated with the file or a space  character  if
       not.


       If  -/ and/or -% are in effect, then the extended system attributes are
       printed when filesystem supports extended system attributes.  The  dis‐
       play looks as follows:



         $ ls -/ c  file
         -rw-r--r--   1 root     root           0 May 10 14:17 file
                         {AHRSadim-u}

         $ ls -/ v file
         -rw-r--r--   1 root     root           0 May 10 14:17 file
                         {archive,hidden,readonly,system,appendonly\
                          nodump,immutable, av_modified,\
                          noav_quarantined,nounlink}

         $ ls -l -% all file
         -rw-r--r--   1 root     root           0 May 10 14:17 file
                         timestamp: atime    Jun 25 12:56:44 2007
                         timestamp: ctime    May 10 14:20:23 2007
                         timestamp: mtime    May 10 14:17:56 2007
                         timestamp: crtime   May 10 14:17:56 2007





       See the option descriptions of the -/ and -% option for details.


       ls   -l  (the  long  list)  prints  its output as follows for the POSIX
       locale:

         -rwxrwxrwx+ 1 smith dev   10876  May 16 9:42 part2



       Reading from right to left, you see that the  current  directory  holds
       one  file,  named  part2. Next, the last time that file's contents were
       modified was 9:42 A.M. on May 16. The file  contains  10,876  bytes  of
       data.  The  owner  of  the  file, or the user, belongs to the group dev
       (perhaps indicating development), and their login name  is  smith.  The
       number,  in  this  case  1, indicates the number of links to file part2
       (see cp(1)). The plus sign indicates that there is  an  ACL  associated
       with  the  file.  If  the -@ option has been specified, the presence of
       extended attributes supersede the presence of an ACL and the plus  sign
       is  replaced  with an 'at' sign (@). Finally, the dash and letters tell
       you that user, group, and others have permissions to read,  write,  and
       execute part2.


       The execute (x) symbol occupies the third position of the three-charac‐
       ter sequence. A − in the third position would have indicated  a  denial
       of execution permissions.


       The permissions are indicated as follows:

       r       The file is readable.


       w       The file is writable.


       x       The file is executable.


       −       The indicated permission is not granted.


       s       The  set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit is on, and the correspond‐
               ing user or group execution bit is also on.


       S       Undefined bit-state (the set-user-ID or set-group-id bit is  on
               and  the user or group execution bit is off). For group permis‐
               sions, this applies only to non-regular files.


       t       The 1000 (octal) bit, or sticky bit, is on (see chmod(1)),  and
               execution is on.


       T       The 1000 bit is turned on, and execution is off (undefined bit-
               state).


   /usr/bin/ls
       l    Mandatory locking occurs during access (on  a  regular  file,  the
            set-group-ID bit is on and the group execution bit is off).


   /usr/xpg4/bin/ls and /usr/xpg6/bin/ls
       L    Mandatory  locking  occurs  during  access (on a regular file, the
            set-group-ID bit is on and the group execution bit is off).



       For user and group permissions, the third position is  sometimes  occu‐
       pied  by  a  character  other  than x or -. s or S also can occupy this
       position, referring to the state of the set-ID bit, whether it  be  the
       user's  or  the  group's. The ability to assume the same ID as the user
       during execution is, for example, used during login when you  begin  as
       root but need to assume the identity of the user you login as.


       In  the  case  of  the  sequence of group permissions, l can occupy the
       third position. l refers to mandatory file  and  record  locking.  This
       permission  describes a file's ability to allow other files to lock its
       reading or writing permissions during access.


       For others permissions, the third position can be occupied by t  or  T.
       These refer to the state of the sticky bit and execution permissions.

OPTIONS
       The following options are supported:

   /usr/bin/ls, /usr/xpg4/bin/ls, and /usr/xpg6/bin/ls
       The following options are supported for all three versions:

       -a
       --all

           Lists all entries, including those that begin with a dot (.), which
           are normally not listed.



       -A
       --almost-all

           Lists all entries, including those that begin with a dot (.),  with
           the exception of the working directory (.) and the parent directory
           (..).



       -b
       --escape

           Forces printing of non-printable characters to be in the octal \ddd
           notation.



       -B
       --ignore-backups

           Do not display any files ending with a tilde (~).



       -c

           Uses  time  of  last modification of the i-node (file created, mode
           changed, and so forth) for sorting (-t) or printing (-l or -n).


       -C

           Multi-column output with entries sorted down the columns.  This  is
           the default output format.


       -d

           If  an  argument  is a directory, lists only its name (not its con‐
           tents). Often used with -l to get the status of a directory.


       -e

           The same as -l, except displays time to the second,  and  with  one
           format for all files regardless of age: mmm dd hh:mm:ss yyyy.


       -E

           The same as -l, except displays time to the nanosecond and with one
           format   for   all   files   regardless    of    age:    yyyy-mm-dd
           hh:mm:ss.nnnnnnnnn (ISO 8601:2000 format).

           In  addition,  this  option  displays  the  offset  from UTC in ISO
           8601:2000 standard format (+hhmm or -hhmm) or no characters if  the
           offset is indeterminable. The offset reflects the appropriate stan‐
           dard or alternate offset in force at the file's displayed date  and
           time, under the current time zone.


       -f

           Forces  each argument to be interpreted as a directory and list the
           name found in each slot. This option turns off -l, -t, -s, -S,  and
           -r, and turns on -a. The order is the order in which entries appear
           in the directory.


       -F
       --classify

           Append a symbol after certain types of files to indicate  the  file
           type. The following symbols are used:

           /    Directory


           >    Door file


           |    Named pipe (FIFO)


           @    Symbolic link


           =    Socket


           *    Executable




       -g

           The same as -l, except that the owner is not printed.


       -h
       --human-readable

           All  sizes  are  scaled to a human readable format, scaled by 1024.
           The -h option is equivalent to using the --scale=max,1024 option.



       -H
       --dereference-command-line

           If an argument is a symbolic link that references a directory, this
           option  evaluates  the file information and file type of the direc‐
           tory that the link  references,  rather  than  those  of  the  link
           itself. However, the name of the link is displayed, rather than the
           referenced directory.



       -i
       --inode

           For each file, prints the i-node number in the first column of  the
           report.



       -k

           All sizes are printed in kbytes. Equivalent to --block-size=1024.


       -l

           Lists in long format, giving mode, ACL indication, number of links,
           owner, group, size in bytes, and time of last modification for each
           file  (see  above).  If  the file is a special file, the size field
           instead contains the major and minor device numbers. If the time of
           last  modification  is  greater than six months ago, it is shown in
           the format 'month date year' for the POSIX locale. When the LC_TIME
           locale  category is not set to the POSIX locale, a different format
           of the time field can be used. Files  modified  within  six  months
           show  'month  date time'. If the file is a symbolic link, the file‐
           name is printed followed by '->' and the path name  of  the  refer‐
           enced file.


       -L
       --dereference

           If  an  argument is a symbolic link, this option evaluates the file
           information and file type of the file or directory  that  the  link
           references, rather than those of the link itself. However, the name
           of the link is displayed, rather than the referenced file or direc‐
           tory.



       -m

           Streams  output format. Files are listed across the page, separated
           by commas.


       -n
       --numeric-uid-gid

           The same as -l, except that the owner's UID and group's GID numbers
           are printed, rather than the associated character strings.



       -o
       --no-group

           The same as -l, except that the group is not printed.



       -p

           Puts a slash (/) after each filename if the file is a directory.


       -q
       --hide-control-chars

           Forces  printing  of  non-printable characters in file names as the
           character question mark (?).



       -r
       --reverse

           Reverses the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic, oldest first,
           or smallest file size first as appropriate.



       -R
       --recursive

           Recursively lists subdirectories encountered.



       -s
       --size

           Indicate  the  total  number of file system blocks consumed by each
           file displayed.



       -S

           Sort by file size (in decreasing order) and for files with the same
           size  by file name (in increasing alphabetic order) instead of just
           by name.


       -t

           Sorts by time stamp (latest first) instead of by name. The  default
           is the last modification time. See -c, -u and -%.


       -u

           Uses  time  of last access instead of last modification for sorting
           (with the -t option) or printing (with the -l option).


       -U

           Output is unsorted.


       -v

           The same as -l, except that verbose ACL information is displayed as
           well  as  the  -l  output. ACL information is displayed even if the
           file or directory doesn't have an ACL.


       -V

           The same as -l, except that compact ACL  information  is  displayed
           after the -l output.

           The -V option is only applicable to file systems that support NFSv4
           ACLs, such as the Solaris ZFS file system.

           The format of the displayed ACL is as follows:


             entry_type : permissions : inheritance_flags : access_type

           entry_type is displayed as one of the following:


           user:username

               Additional user access for username.


           group:groupname

               Additional group access for group groupname.


           owner@

               File owner.


           group@

               File group owner.


           everyone@

               Everyone access, including file owner  and  file  group  owner.
               This is not equivalent to the POSIX other class.

           The  following  permissions,  supported by the NFSv4 ACL model, are
           displayed by using the -v or -V options:


           read_data (r)

               Permission to read the data of a file.


           list_directory (r)

               Permission to list the contents of a directory.


           write_data (w)

               Permission to modify a file's data. anywhere in the file's off‐
               set range.


           add_file (w)

               Permission to add a new file to a directory.


           append_data (p)

               The ability to modify a file's data, but only starting at EOF.


           add_subdirectory (p)

               Permission to create a subdirectory to a directory.


           read_xattr (R)

               Ability to read the extended attributes of a file.


           write_xattr (W)

               Ability  to create extended attributes or write to the extended
               attribute directory.


           execute (x)

               Permission to execute a file.


           read_attributes (a)

               The ability to read basic attributes (non-ACLs) of a file.


           write_attributes (A)

               Permission to change basic attributes (non-ACLs) of a file.


           delete (d)

               Permission to delete a file.


           delete_child (D)

               Permission to delete a file within a directory.


           read_acl (c)

               Permission to read the ACL of a file.


           write_acl (C)

               Permission to write the ACL of a file.


           write_owner (o)

               Permission to change the owner of a file.


           synchronize (s)

               Permission to access file locally at  server  with  synchronize
               reads and writes.


           -

               No permission granted

           The  following inheritance flags, supported by the NFSv4 ACL model,
           are displayed by using the -v or -V options:


           file_inherit (f)

               Inherit to all newly created files.


           dir_inherit (d)

               Inherit to all newly created directories.


           inherit_only (i)

               When placed on a directory, do not apply to the directory, only
               to newly created files and directories. This flag requires that
               either file_inherit and or dir_inherit is also specified.


           no_propagate (n)

               Indicates that ACL entries should be inherited to objects in  a
               directory,  but  inheritance  should  stop after descending one
               level. This flag is dependent upon either file_inherit  and  or
               dir_inherit also being specified.


           successful_access (S)

               Indicates  if an alarm or audit record should be initiated upon
               successful accesses. Used with audit/alarm ACE types.


           failed_access (F)

               Indicates if an alarm or audit record should be initiated  when
               access fails. Used with audit/alarm ACE types.


           inherited (I)

               ACE was inherited.


           -

               No permission granted.

           access_type is displayed as one of the following types:


           alarm    Permission  field  that  specifies permissions that should
                    trigger an alarm.


           allow    Permission field that specifies allow permissions.


           audit    Permission field that specifies permissions that should be
                    audited.  The  PRIV_FILE_AUDIT  privilege  is  required in
                    order to show this ACE type.


           deny     Permission field that specifies deny permissions.

           For example:


             $ ls -dV /sandbox/dir.1
               drwxr-xr-x+  2 root     root           2 Jan 17 15:09 dir.1
                        user:marks:r-------------:fd-----:allow
                            owner@:--------------:-------:deny
                            owner@:rwxp---A-W-Co-:-------:allow
                            group@:-w-p----------:-------:deny
                            group@:r-x-----------:-------:allow
                            everyone@:-w-p---A-W-Co-:-------:deny
                            everyone@:r-x---a-R-c--s:-------:allow
             $
                                 ||||||||||||||||:||||||+ inherited access
                                   ||||||||||||||:||||||+ failed access
                                   ||||||||||||||:|||||+--success access
                                   ||||||||||||||:||||+-- no propagate
                                   ||||||||||||||:|||+--- inherit only
                                   ||||||||||||||:||+---- directory inherit
                                   ||||||||||||||:|+----- file inherit
                                   ||||||||||||||
                                   ||||||||||||||+ sync
                                   |||||||||||||+- change owner
                                   ||||||||||||+-- write ACL
                                   |||||||||||+--- read ACL
                                   ||||||||||+---- write extended attributes
                                   |||||||||+----- read extended attributes
                                   ||||||||+------ write attributes
                                   |||||||+------- read attributes
                                   ||||||+-------- delete child
                                   |||||+--------- delete
                                   ||||+---------- append
                                   |||+----------- execute
                                   ||+------------ write data
                                   |+------------- read data



       -w cols
       --width cols

           Multi-column output where the column width is forced to cols.



       -x

           Multi-column output with entries sorted across rather than down the
           page.


       -1

           Prints one entry per line of output.


       -@

           The  same  as  -l, except that extended attribute information over‐
           rides ACL information. An @ is displayed after the file  permission
           bits for files that have extended attributes.


       -/

           The  -/ option supports two option arguments c (compact mode) and v
           (verbose mode). Displays the long listing, same as -l. In addition,
           displays  the  extended  system attributes associated with the file
           when extended system attributes are fully supported by the underly‐
           ing file system.


           appendonly

               Allows  a  file  to be modified only at offset EOF. Attempts to
               modify a file at a location other than EOF fails with EPERM.


           archive

               Indicates if a file has been modified since it was last  backed
               up. Whenever the modification time (mtime) of a file is changed
               the archive attribute is set.


           av_modified

               ZFS sets the anti-virus attribute which whenever a file's  con‐
               tent or size changes or when the file is renamed.


           av_quarantined

               Anti-virus software sets to mark a file as quarantined.


           crtime

               Timestamp when a file is created.


           hidden

               Marks a file as hidden.


           immutable

               Prevents  the  content of a file from being modified. Also pre‐
               vents all metadata changes, except  for  access  time  updates.
               When  placed on a directory, prevents the deletion and creation
               of files in the directories. Attempts to modify the content  of
               a  file  or  directory  marked  as  immutable  fail with EPERM.
               Attempts to modify any attributes (with the exception of access
               time  and, with the proper privileges, the immutable) of a file
               marked as immutable fails with EPERM.


           nodump

               Solaris systems have no special semantics for this attribute.


           nounlink

               Prevents a  file  from  being  deleted.  On  a  directory,  the
               attribute  also  prevents  any  changes  to the contents of the
               directory. That is,  no  files  within  the  directory  can  be
               removed  or renamed. The errno  EPERM is returned when attempt‐
               ing to unlink or rename files and directories that  are  marked
               as nounlink.


           readonly

               Marks a file as readonly. Once a file is marked as readonly the
               content data of the file cannot be modified. Other metadata for
               the file can still be modified.


           sparse

               This  attribute is available to users and applications to indi‐
               cate that a file can be interpreted  as  sparse.  It  does  not
               indicate  whether or not the file is actually sparse and it has
               no special semantics  on  the  Solaris  operating  system.  The
               sparse  attribute  will  be cleared if the file is truncated to
               zero length.


           system

               Solaris systems have no special semantics for this attribute.


           sensitive

               Some Solaris utilities may take different actions based on this
               attribute.  For  example,  not  recording  the contents of such
               files in administrative logs.

           The display characters used in compact mode (-/ c) are as follows:



           tab(); lw(NaNi) lw(NaNi) lw(NaNi) lw(NaNi) Attribute NameDisplay  _
           archiveA  hiddenH  readonlyR systemS appendonlya nodumpd immutablei
           av_modifiedm av_quarantinedq sparses nounlinku sensitiveT

           The display in verbose mode (-/ v) uses full attribute  names  when
           it is set and the name prefixed by no when it is not set.

           Attributes  representing timestamps, such as crtime, are handled by
           the -% option described below, and are not listed by the -/ option.

           The display positions are as follows:



             {||||||||||}
              |||||||||||||+ T        (sensitive)
              |||||||||||+- s         (sparse)
              ||||||||||+-- O         (offline)
              |||||||||+--- u         (nounlink)
              ||||||||+---- q         (av_quarantined)
              |||||||+----- m         (av_modified)
              ||||||+------ i         (immutable)
              |||||+------- d         (nodump)
              ||||+-------- a         (appendonly)
              |||+--------- S         (system)
              ||+---------- R         (readonly)
              |+----------- H         (hidden)
              +------------ A         (archive)





       -% atime | crtime | ctime | mtime | all


           atime     Uses the last access time of  the  file  for  sorting  or
                     printing. Equivalent to -u.


           crtime    Uses  the creation time of the file for sorting or print‐
                     ing.


           ctime     Uses the last modification time of the i-node (file  cre‐
                     ated,  mode  changed, and so forth) for sorting or print‐
                     ing. Equivalent to -c.


           mtime     Uses the last modification time of the file contents  for
                     sorting or printing.

           If  extended  system  attributes  are not supported, or if the user
           does not have read  permission  on  the  file,  or  if  the  crtime
           extended  attribute  is not set, crtime is treated as a synonym for
           mtime.

           When option argument all is specified, all available timestamps are
           printed  which  includes  atime,  ctime, mtime, and on the extended
           system attribute supporting file systems, crtime (create time). The
           option  -% all does not affect which timestamp is displayed in long
           format and does not affect sorting.


       --block-size size

           Display sizes in multiples of size. Size can be scaled by suffixing
           one of YyZzEePpTtGgMmKk. Additionally, a B can be placed at the end
           to indicate powers of 10 instead of 2. For example,  .  10mB  means
           blocks  of  10000000  bytes  while  10m  means blocks of 10*2^20 --
           10485760 -- bytes. This is mutually exclusive with the -h option.


       --color[=when]
       --colour[=when]

           Display filenames using color on color-capable terminals.  when  is
           an optional argument that determines when to display color output.

           Possible values for when are:


           always
           yes
           force

               Always use color.




           auto
           tty
           if-tty

               Use color if a terminal is present.




           no
           never
           none

               Never use color. This is the default



           See the Color Output section of this manual page for information on
           how to control the output colors.



       --file-type

           Display a suffix after a file depending on its type, similar to the
           -F option, except * is not appended to executable files.


       --scale[=item1,item2,...]

           All  sizes are scaled to a human readable format, for example, 14K,
           234M, 2.7G, or 3.0T. Scaling is done by  repetitively  dividing  by
           1024, unless otherwise specified.

           --scale  specified without arguments enables default scaled output,
           and is equivalent to --scale=max,1024.

           --scale can be specified with the following arguments.

           binary

               Scaling is done by repetitively dividing by a scale  factor  of
               1024. The use of binary scaling is indicated by the addition of
               an 'i' modifier to the suffix (Ki, Mi, Gi, ...).


           max

               Values are scaled to the largest  unit  for  which  the  result
               retains  a  non-zero  integer  part.  Up to 2 decimal places of
               fractional output may be shown.


           min

               Values are scaled to the smallest unit capable of  showing  the
               full  value  within  the  allotted space of 5 columns, and dis‐
               played without the use of fractional output.


           minwide

               Values are scaled to the smallest unit capable of  showing  the
               full  value  within  the  allotted space of 8 columns, and dis‐
               played without the use of fractional output.


           1000

               Scaling is done by repetitively dividing by a scale  factor  of
               1000.


           1024

               Scaling  is  done by repetitively dividing by a scale factor of
               1024.



       --si

           All sizes are scaled to a human readable format,  scaled  by  1000.
           The --si option is equivalent to using the --scale=max,1000 option.


       --time-style style

           Display  times  using the specified style. This does not affect the
           times displayed for extended attributes (-%).

           Possible values for style are:

           full-iso

               Equivalent to -E.


           long-iso

               Display in YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM for all files.


           iso

               Display older files using YYYY-MM-DD and newer files with MM-DD
               HH:MM.


           locale

               Use  the  default  locale format for old and new files. This is
               the default.


           +FORMAT

               Use a custom format. Values are the same as described in  strf‐
               time(3C). If a NEWLINE appears in the string, the first line is
               used for older files and the second  line  is  used  for  newer
               files. Otherwise, the given format is used for all files.



   /usr/bin/ls
       -F

           Marks  directories with a trailing slash (/), doors with a trailing
           greater-than sign (>), executable files with  a  trailing  asterisk
           (*),  FIFOs with a trailing vertical bar (|), symbolic links with a
           trailing "at" sign (@), and AF_UNIX address family sockets  with  a
           trailing equals sign (=). Follows symlinks named as operands.


       --file-type

           Marks  entries  as  with -F with the exception of executable files.
           Executable files are not marked. Follows symlinks  named  as  oper‐
           ands.



       Specifying  more  than  one  of  the  options in the following mutually
       exclusive pairs is not considered an error: -C and -l (ell), -m and  -l
       (ell),  -x  and  -l (ell), -@ and -l (ell). The -l option overrides the
       other option specified in each pair.


       Specifying more than one of  the  options  in  the  following  mutually
       exclusive  groups  is  not considered an error: -C and -1 (one), -H and
       -L, -c and -u, and -e and -E, and -t and -S. The last option specifying
       a  specific  timestamp  (-c,  -u, -% atime, -% crtime, -% ctime, and -%
       mtime) determines the timestamps used for sorting  or  in  long  format
       listings.  The  last option -t, -S, or -U determines the sorting behav‐
       ior.

   /usr/xpg4/bin/ls
       -F

           Marks directories with a trailing slash (/), doors with a  trailing
           greater-than  sign  (>),  executable files with a trailing asterisk
           (*), FIFOs with a trailing vertical bar (|), symbolic links with  a
           trailing  "at"  sign (@), and AF_UNIX address family sockets with a
           trailing equals sign (=). Follows symlinks named as operands.


       --file-type

           Marks entries as with -F with the exception  of  executable  files.
           Executable  files  are  not marked. Follows symlinks named as oper‐
           ands.



       Specifying more than one of the options  in  the  following  groups  of
       mutually exclusive options is not considered an error: -C and -l (ell),
       -m and -l (ell), -x and -l (ell), -@ and -l (ell), -C and -1 (one),  -H
       and  -L, -c and -u, -e and -E, -t and -S and -U. The last option speci‐
       fying a specific timestamp (-c, -u, -% atime, -% crtime, -% ctime,  and
       -%  mtime) determines the timestamps used for sorting or in long format
       listings. The last -t, -S, or -U option determines the  sorting  behav‐
       ior.

   /usr/xpg6/bin/ls
       -F

           Marks  directories with a trailing slash (/), doors with a trailing
           greater-than sign (>), executable files with  a  trailing  asterisk
           (*),  FIFOs with a trailing vertical bar (|), symbolic links with a
           trailing "at" sign (@), and AF_UNIX address family sockets  with  a
           trailing  equals  sign (=). Does not follow symlinks named as oper‐
           ands unless the -H or -L option is specified.


       --file-type

           Marks entries as with -F with the exception  of  executable  files.
           Executable  files are not marked. Does not follow symlinks named as
           operands unless the -H or -L option is specified.



       Specifying more than one of  the  options  in  the  following  mutually
       exclusive  pairs is not considered an error: -C and -l (ell), -m and -l
       (ell), -x and -l (ell), -@ and -l (ell), -C and -1 (one), -H and -L, -c
       and  -u, -e and -E, -t and -S and -U. The last option specifying a spe‐
       cific timestamp (-c, -u, -% atime, -% crtime, -% ctime, and  -%  mtime)
       determines  the timestamps used for sorting or in long format listings.
       The last -t, -S, or -U option determines the sorting behavior.

OPERANDS
       The following operand is supported:

       file

           A path name of a file to display information about, or of a  direc‐
           tory to list the contents of. If the file or directory specified is
           not found, a diagnostic message is output on standard error.


COLOR OUTPUT
       If color output is  enabled,  the  environment  variable  LS_COLORS  is
       checked. If it exists, its contents are used to control the colors used
       to display filenames. If it is not set, a default  list  of  colors  is
       used.  The  format  of LS_COLORS is a colon separated list of attribute
       specifications. Each attribute specification is of the format

         filespec=attr[;attr..]



       filespec is either of the form *.SUFFIX, for example, *.jar or *.Z,  or
       one of the following file types:

       no    Normal file


       fi    Regular file


       di    Directory


       ln    Symbolic link


       pi    FIFO or named pipe


       so    Socket


       do    Door file


       bd    Block device


       cd    Character device


       ex    Execute bit (either user, group, or other) set


       po    Event port


       st    Sticky bit set


       or    Orphaned symlink


       sg    setgid bit set


       su    setuid bit set


       ow    world writable


       tw    Sticky bit and world writable



       attr  is  a  semicolon  delimited  list of color and display attributes
       which are combined to determine the final output color. Any combination
       of attr values can be specified. Possible attr values are:

       00    All attributes off (default terminal color)


       01    Display text in bold


       04    Display text with an underscore


       05    Display text in bold


       07    Display text with foreground and background colors reversed


       08    Display using concealed text.



       One of the following values can be chosen. If multiple values are spec‐
       ified, the last specified value is used.

       30    Set foreground to black.


       31    Set foreground to red.


       32    Set foreground to green.


       33    Set foreground to yellow.


       34    Set foreground to blue.


       35    Set foreground to magenta (purple).


       36    Set foreground to cyan.


       37    Set foreground to white.


       39    Set foreground to default terminal color.



       One of the following can be specified. If multiple  values  are  speci‐
       fied, the last value specified is used.

       40    Set foreground to black.


       41    Set foreground to red.


       42    Set foreground to green.


       43    Set foreground to yellow.


       44    Set foreground to blue.


       45    Set foreground to magenta (purple).


       46    Set foreground to cyan.


       47    Set foreground to white.


       49    Set foreground to default terminal color.



       On  some  terminals,  setting  the bold attribute causes the foreground
       colors to be high-intensity, that is, brighter. In such cases the  low-
       intensity yellow is often displayed as a brown or orange color.


       At least one attribute must be listed for a file specification.


       The  appropriate  color codes are chosen by selecting the most specific
       match, starting with the file suffixes and  proceeding  with  the  file
       types  until  a  match  is found. The no (normal file) type matches any
       file.

EXAMPLES
       Example 1 Viewing File Permissions



       The following example shows how to display detailed information about a
       file.




         % ls -l file.1
         -rw-r--r--   1 gozer    staff     206663 Mar 14 10:15 file.1




       The permissions string above (-rw-r--r--) describes that the file owner
       has read and write permissions, the owning group has read  permissions,
       and others have read permissions.



       The following example shows how to display detailed information about a
       directory.




         % ls -ld test.dir
         drwxr-xr-x   2 gozer    staff          2 Mar 14 10:17 test.dir






       The permissions string above (drwxr-xr-x) describes that the  directory
       owner  has  read,  write,  and search permissions, the owning group has
       read and search permissions, and others have read  and  search  permis‐
       sions.



       Another example of listing file permissions is as follows:




         % ls -l file.2
         -rw-rwl---   1 gozer    staff     206663 Mar 14 10:47 file.2




       The permissions string above (-rw-rwl---) describes that the file owner
       has read and write permissions, the owning group  has  read  and  write
       permissions, and the file can be locked during access.


       Example 2 Displaying ACL Information on Files and Directories



       The following example shows how to display verbose ACL information on a
       ZFS file.




         % ls -v file.1
         -rw-r--r--   1 marks    staff     206663 Mar 14 10:15 file.1
              0:owner@:execute:deny
              1:owner@:read_data/write_data/append_data/write_xattr/write_attributes
                   /write_acl/write_owner:allow
              2:group@:write_data/append_data/execute:deny
              3:group@:read_data:allow
              4:everyone@:write_data/append_data/write_xattr/execute/write_attributes
                   /write_acl/write_owner:deny
              5:everyone@:read_data/read_xattr/read_attributes/read_acl/synchronize
                   :allow




       The following example shows how to display compact ACL information on a
       ZFS directory.




         % ls -dV test.dir
         drwxr-xr-x   2 marks    staff          2 Mar 14 10:17 test.dir
                     owner@:--------------:------:deny
                     owner@:rwxp---A-W-Co-:------:allow
                     group@:-w-p----------:------:deny
                     group@:r-x-----------:------:allow
                     everyone@:-w-p---A-W-Co-:------:deny
                     everyone@:r-x---a-R-c--s:------:allow




       The  following example illustrates the ls  -v behavior when listing ACL
       information on a UFS file.




         $ ls -v file.3
         -rw-r--r--   1 root     root        2703 Mar 14 10:59 file.3
              0:user::rw-
              1:group::r--               #effective:r--
              2:mask:r--
              3:other:r--



       Example 3 Printing the Names of All Files



       The following example prints the names of  all  files  in  the  current
       directory, including those that begin with a dot (.), which normally do
       not print:


         example% ls -a



       Example 4 Providing File Information



       The following example provides file information:


         example% ls -aisn




       This command provides information on all files,  including  those  that
       begin  with  a  dot  (a), the i-number, the serial number of the i-node
       associated with the file—printed in the left-hand column (i); the  size
       (in  blocks) of the files, printed in the column to the right of the i-
       numbers (s); finally, the report is displayed in the numeric version of
       the long list, printing the UID (instead of user name) and GID (instead
       of group name) numbers associated with the files.



       When the sizes of the files in a directory are listed, a total count of
       blocks, including indirect blocks, is printed.


       Example 5 Providing Extended System Attributes Information




         example% ls -/ c file    (extended system attribute in compact mode)
         -rw-r--r--   1 root     root           0 May 10 14:17 file
                                  {AHRSadim-u}






       In this example, av_quarantined is not set.



         example% ls -/ v file (extended system attribute in verbose mode)
         -rw-r--r--   1 root     root           0 May 10 14:17 file
                         {archive,hidden,readonly,system,appendonly\
                          nodump,immutable,av_modified,\
                          noav_quarantined,nounlink}

         example% ls -/ v file     (no extended system attribute)
         -rw-r--r--  1 root    staff        0 May 16 14:48 file
                        {}

         example% ls -/ c file        (extended system attribute
                                       supported file system)

         -rw-r--r--  1 root staff        3 Jun  4 22:04 file
                        {A------m--}



       archive  and  av_modified  attributes are set by default on an extended
       system attribute supported file.



         example% ls -/ c  -%crtime file

         -rw-r--r--    root     root          0 May 10 14:17 file
                        {AHRSadim-u}





       This example displays the timestamp as the creation time:



         example% ls -l -%all file
         -rw-r--r--   1 root     root           0 May 10 14:17    file
                         timestamp: atime    Jun 14 08:47:37 2007
                         timestamp: ctime    May 10 14:20:23 2007
                         timestamp: mtime    May 10 14:17:56 2007
                         timestamp: crtime   May 10 14:17:56 2007

         example% ls -%crtime -tl file*

         -rw-r--r--   1 foo      staff          3 Jun  4 22:04 file1
         -rw-r--r--   1 root     root           0 May 10 14:17 file
         -rw-r--r--   1 foo      staff          0 May  9 13:49 file.1





       In this example the files are sorted by creation time.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       See environ(7) for descriptions of the following environment  variables
       that  affect  the  execution of ls: LANG, LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE,
       LC_TIME, LC_MESSAGES, NLSPATH, and TZ.

       COLUMNS      Determines the user's preferred column position width  for
                    writing multiple text-column output. If this variable con‐
                    tains a string representing  a  decimal  integer,  the  ls
                    utility  calculates  how  many  path  name text columns to
                    write (see -C) based on the width provided. If COLUMNS  is
                    not set or is invalid, 80 is used. The column width chosen
                    to write the names of files in any given directory is con‐
                    stant.  File  names  are  not be truncated to fit into the
                    multiple text-column output.


       LS_COLORS    Determines the coloring scheme used when displaying  color
                    output.  If  not  set  and  color  output  is specified, a
                    default scheme is used. If TERM is not set, no color  out‐
                    put is used.


       TERM         Determine  the terminal type. If this variable is unset or
                    NULL, no color output is generated regardless of the value
                    of the --color option.


EXIT STATUS
       0     All information was written successfully.


       >0    An error occurred.


FILES
       /etc/group

           group IDs for ls  -l and ls  -g


       /etc/passwd

           user IDs for ls  -l and ls  -o


       /usr/share/lib/terminfo/?/*

           terminal information database


ATTRIBUTES
       See attributes(7) for descriptions of the following attributes:

   /usr/bin/ls
       tab()  box; cw(2.75i) |cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) |lw(2.75i) ATTRIBUTE TYPEAT‐
       TRIBUTE VALUE _ Availabilitysystem/core-os  _  CSIEnabled  _  Interface
       StabilityCommitted _ StandardSee below.



       For  all options except -A, -b, -e, -E, -h, -S, -U, -v, -V, -@, -/, -%,
       --all,  --almost-all,  --block-size,  --classify,  --color,   --colour,
       --dereference,   --dereference-command-line,   --escape,   --file-type,
       --full-time, --human-readable, --ignore-backups,  --inode,  --no-group,
       --numeric-uid-gid,  --reverse,  --recursive,  --si, --size, and --time-
       style, see standards(7).

   /usr/xpg4/bin/ls
       tab() box; cw(2.75i) |cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) |lw(2.75i) ATTRIBUTE  TYPEAT‐
       TRIBUTE  VALUE _ Availabilitysystem/xopen/xcu4 _ CSIEnabled _ Interface
       StabilityCommitted _ StandardSee below.



       For all options except -A, -b, -e, -E, -h, -S, -U, -v, -V, -@, -/,  -%,
       --all,   --almost-all,  --block-size,  --classify,  --color,  --colour,
       --dereference,   --dereference-command-line,   --escape,   --file-type,
       --full-time,  --human-readable,  --ignore-backups, --inode, --no-group,
       --numeric-uid-gid, --reverse, --recursive, --si,  --size,  and  --time-
       style, see standards(7).

   /usr/xpg6/bin/ls
       tab()  box; cw(2.75i) |cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) |lw(2.75i) ATTRIBUTE TYPEAT‐
       TRIBUTE VALUE _ Availabilitysystem/xopen/xcu6 _ CSIEnabled _  Interface
       StabilityCommitted _ StandardSee below.



       For  all options except -A, -b, -e, -E, -h, -S, -U, -v, -V, -@, -/, -%,
       --all,  --almost-all,  --block-size,  --classify,  --color,   --colour,
       --dereference,   --dereference-command-line,   --escape,   --file-type,
       --full-time, --human-readable, --ignore-backups,  --inode,  --no-group,
       --numeric-uid-gid,  --reverse,  --recursive,  --si, --size, and --time-
       style, see standards(7).

SEE ALSO
       chmod(1),  cp(1),  fgetattr(3C),  strftime(3C),  terminfo(5),   acl(7),
       attributes(7), environ(7), fsattr(7), standards(7)

NOTES
       Unprintable  characters  in  file names can confuse the columnar output
       options.


       The total block count is incorrect if there are hard  links  among  the
       files.


       The  sort order of ls output is affected by the locale and can be over‐
       ridden by the LC_COLLATE environment variable. For example, if  LC_COL‐
       LATE equals C, dot files appear first, followed by names beginning with
       uppercase letters, followed by names beginning with lowercase  letters.
       But  if LC_COLLATE equals en_US.ISO8859-1, then leading dots as well as
       case are ignored in determining the sort order.



Oracle Solaris 11.4            22 September 2021                         ls(1)
맨 페이지 내용의 저작권은 맨 페이지 작성자에게 있습니다.
RSS ATOM XHTML 5 CSS3