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glob(3c)
glob(3C) Standard C Library Functions glob(3C)
NAME
glob, globfree - generate path names matching a pattern
SYNOPSIS
#include <glob.h>
int glob(const char *restrict pattern, int flags,
int(*errfunc)(const char *epath, int eerrno),
glob_t *restrict pglob);
void globfree(glob_t *pglob);
DESCRIPTION
The glob() function is a path name generator.
The globfree() function frees any memory allocated by glob() associated
with pglob.
pattern Argument
The argument pattern is a pointer to a path name pattern to be ex‐
panded. The glob() function matches all accessible path names against
this pattern and develops a list of all path names that match. In order
to have access to a path name, glob() requires search permission on
every component of a path except the last, and read permission on each
directory of any filename component of pattern that contains any of the
following special characters:
* ? [
pglob Argument
The structure type glob_t is defined in the header <glob.h> and in‐
cludes at least the following members:
size_t gl_pathc; /* count of paths matched by */
/* pattern */
char **gl_pathv; /* pointer to list of matched */
/* path names */
size_t gl_offs; /* slots to reserve at beginning */
/* of gl_pathv */
The glob() function stores the number of matched path names into
pglob->gl_pathc and a pointer to a list of pointers to path names into
pglob->gl_pathv. The path names are in sort order as defined by the
current setting of the LC_COLLATE category. The first pointer after the
last path name is a NULL pointer. If the pattern does not match any
path names, the returned number of matched paths is set to 0, and the
contents of pglob->gl_pathv are implementation-dependent.
It is the caller's responsibility to create the structure pointed to by
pglob. The glob() function allocates other space as needed, including
the memory pointed to by gl_pathv. The globfree() function frees any
space associated with pglob from a previous call to glob().
flags Argument
The flags argument is used to control the behavior of glob(). The value
of flags is a bitwise inclusive OR of zero or more of the following
constants, which are defined in the header <glob.h>:
GLOB_APPEND Append path names generated to the ones from a previ‐
ous call to glob().
GLOB_DOOFFS Make use of pglob->gl_offs. If this flag is set,
pglob->gl_offs is used to specify how many NULL point‐
ers to add to the beginning of pglob->gl_pathv. In
other words, pglob->gl_pathv will point to
pglob->gl_offs NULL pointers, followed by
pglob->gl_pathc path name pointers, followed by a NULL
pointer.
GLOB_ERR Causes glob() to return when it encounters a directory
that it cannot open or read. Ordinarily, glob() con‐
tinues to find matches.
GLOB_LIMIT Limit the total number of returned pathnames to the
value of 65536. This also limits the total number of
stat and readdir(3C) calls to prevent high CPU usage.
GLOB_MARK Each path name that is a directory that matches pat‐
tern has a slash appended.
GLOB_NOCHECK If pattern does not match any path name, then glob()
returns a list consisting of only pattern, and the
number of matched path names is 1.
GLOB_NOESCAPE Disable backslash escaping.
GLOB_NOSORT Ordinarily, glob() sorts the matching path names ac‐
cording to the current setting of the LC_COLLATE cate‐
gory. When this flag is used the order of path names
returned is unspecified.
The GLOB_APPEND flag can be used to append a new set of path names to
those found in a previous call to glob(). The following rules apply
when two or more calls to glob() are made with the same value of pglob
and without intervening calls to globfree():
1. The first such call must not set GLOB_APPEND. All subsequent
calls must set it.
2. All the calls must set GLOB_DOOFFS, or all must not set it.
3. After the second call, pglob->gl_pathv points to a list con‐
taining the following:
a. Zero or more NULL pointers, as specified by GLOB_DOOFFS
and pglob->gl_offs.
b. Pointers to the path names that were in the
pglob->gl_pathv list before the call, in the same order
as before.
c. Pointers to the new path names generated by the second
call, in the specified order.
4. The count returned in pglob->gl_pathc will be the total num‐
ber of path names from the two calls.
5. The application can change any of the fields after a call to
glob(). If it does, it must reset them to the original value
before a subsequent call, using the same pglob value, to
globfree() or glob() with the GLOB_APPEND flag.
errfunc and epath Arguments
If, during the search, a directory is encountered that cannot be opened
or read and errfunc is not a NULL pointer, glob() calls (*errfunc) with
two arguments:
1. The epath argument is a pointer to the path that failed.
2. The eerrno argument is the value of errno from the failure,
as set by the opendir(3C), readdir(3C) or stat(2) functions.
(Other values may be used to report other errors not explic‐
itly documented for those functions.)
The following constants are defined as error return values for glob():
GLOB_ABORTED The scan was stopped because GLOB_ERR was set or (*er‐
rfunc) returned non-zero.
GLOB_NOMATCH The pattern does not match any existing path name, and
GLOB_NOCHECK was not set in flags.
GLOG_NOSPACE An attempt to allocate memory failed.
If (*errfunc) is called and returns non-zero, or if the GLOB_ERR flag
is set in flags, glob() stops the scan and returns GLOB_ABORTED after
setting gl_pathc and gl_pathv in pglob to reflect the paths already
scanned. If GLOB_ERR is not set and either errfunc is a NULL pointer or
(*errfunc) returns 0, the error is ignored.
RETURN VALUES
The following values are returned by glob():
0 Successful completion. The argument pglob->gl_pathc returns
the number of matched path names and the argument
pglob->gl_pathv contains a pointer to a null-terminated
list of matched and sorted path names. However, if
pglob->gl_pathc is 0, the content of pglob->gl_pathv is un‐
defined.
non-zero An error has occurred. Non-zero constants are defined in
<glob.h>. The arguments pglob->gl_pathc and pglob->gl_pathv
are still set as defined above.
The globfree() function returns no value.
USAGE
This function is not provided for the purpose of enabling utilities to
perform path name expansion on their arguments, as this operation is
performed by the shell, and utilities are explicitly not expected to
redo this. Instead, it is provided for applications that need to do
path name expansion on strings obtained from other sources, such as a
pattern typed by a user or read from a file.
If a utility needs to see if a path name matches a given pattern, it
can use fnmatch(3C).
Note that gl_pathc and gl_pathv have meaning even if glob() fails. This
allows glob() to report partial results in the event of an error. How‐
ever, if gl_pathc is 0, gl_pathv is unspecified even if glob() did not
return an error.
The GLOB_NOCHECK option could be used when an application wants to ex‐
pand a path name if wildcards are specified, but wants to treat the
pattern as just a string otherwise.
The new path names generated by a subsequent call with GLOB_APPEND are
not sorted together with the previous path names. This mirrors the way
that the shell handles path name expansion when multiple expansions are
done on a command line.
Applications that need tilde and parameter expansion should use the
wordexp(3C) function.
EXAMPLES
Example 1 Use of GLOB_DOOFFS flag.
One use of the GLOB_DOOFFS flag is by applications that build an argu‐
ment list for use with the execv(), execve(), or execvp() functions
(see exec(2)). Suppose, for example, that an application wants to do
the equivalent of:
ls -l *.c
but for some reason:
system("ls -l *.c")
is not acceptable. The application could obtain approximately the same
result using the sequence:
globbuf.gl_offs = 2;
glob ("*.c", GLOB_DOOFFS, NULL, &globbuf);
globbuf.gl_pathv[0] = "ls";
globbuf.gl_pathv[1] = "-l";
execvp ("ls", &globbuf.gl_pathv[0]);
Using the same example:
ls -l *.c *.h
could be approximately simulated using GLOB_APPEND as follows:
globbuf.gl_offs = 2;
glob ("*.c", GLOB_DOOFFS, NULL, &globbuf);
glob ("*.h", GLOB_DOOFFS|GLOB_APPEND, NULL, &globbuf);
...
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(7) for descriptions of the following attributes:
tab() box; cw(2.75i) |cw(2.75i) lw(2.75i) |lw(2.75i) ATTRIBUTE TYPEAT‐
TRIBUTE VALUE _ Interface StabilityCommitted _ MT-LevelMT-Safe _ Stan‐
dardSee standards(7).
SEE ALSO
execv(2), stat(2), fnmatch(3C), opendir(3C), readdir(3C), wordexp(3C),
attributes(7), standards(7)
HISTORY
Stub implementations of glob() and globfree() that only set errno to
ENOSYS for all calls were added in Solaris 2.4. Functional implementa‐
tions of both functions were provided starting in Solaris 2.5.
Definitions for the following flags values are available in Solaris
starting with the listed release:
tab() box; cw(3.67i) |cw(1.83i) lw(3.67i) |lw(1.83i) FLAGSRELEASE _
GLOB_LIMIT10 1/13 (Update 11), 11.0.4 _ T{ GLOB_APPEND, GLOB_DOOFFS,
GLOB_ERR, GLOB_MARK, GLOB_NOCHECK, GLOB_NOESCAPE, GLOB_NOSORT T}2.4
Oracle Solaris 11.4 27 Aug 2025 glob(3C)